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汉字编码的性能要� ��

刘春华

（本文发表于《语� ��建设》1996年第8期 ）

　　笔者曾提出汉� ��编码的四项性能� �标，即规范性、易 学性、高效性和通� ��性（见拙作《统� �汉字编码的途径、 条件和前景》，载� ��《语文建设》１� �９６年第三期）。 本文进一步讨论四� ��性能指标的具体� �求。

　　一．规范性

　　规范性的最低� ��求，是汉字编码� �干扰现行中小学的 语文基础教学，最� ��境界则是汉字编� �可以作为一种规范 汉字教学的辅助工� ��。

　　所谓不干扰现� ��中小学语文基础� �学，是指汉字编码 不与学校教学的语� ��基础知识发生冲� �，二者不矛盾。举 例来说，四角号码� ��字法中，有些笔� �是该查字法特殊定 义的，常规汉字教� ��中没有这些内容� �但它并不因此而干 扰学校的汉字教学� ��因为这些笔形仅� �用来识别汉字的外 形特征，不需要从� ��字中“拆” 出。可见，规范性� ��重点在汉字的拆� �。例如，将“� �”拆成“衤� ��扁”当然最规� ��，拆成“衤、� ��、 ”也未尝不可， 但如果再将“衤 ”拆成“ 、 ”就有争议了， 因为“衤”� �一个常用部首，人 们已经习惯将其看� ��一个整体。至于� �如将“东”� ��成“七、小&rdq uo;等就无规范性可� ��了。一般来说，� �相交笔画结构的拆 分很容易导致汉字� ��码的不规范，似� �限制。

　　要想达到使汉� ��编码成为规范汉� �教学的辅助工具的 境界，要求完全采� ��规范的汉语基础� �识来实施编码。人 们使用编码的过程� ��即是检查、复习� �巩固和提高所学汉 语知识的过程。

　　二．易学性

　　易学性由用户� ��握编码所需学习� �的大小来衡量。编 码的学习量可分为� ��方面的内容：汉� �基础知识本身和编 码特有的“知识 ”。

　　汉字编码首先� ��涉及汉语文字本� �的知识，例如笔画 、部首或拼音等。� ��同的编码方案所� �及的文字知识深浅 不一，种类不同，� ��然会影响编码的� �学性。一般而言， 涉及单一知识比涉� ��多种知识的方案� �学。例如，采用单 一字形或字音因素� ��比同时采用二者� �得容易，采用字音 时只涉及声母而不� ��及韵母，或者采� �字形时只涉及笔画 而不涉及部首，又� ��同时涉及后者的� �案简单。但是，这 方面的差异不应该� ��为我们注意的重� �。就好象四则运算 确实比单一运算复� ��，但它们同属数� �基础知识，受过初 等教育的人都应该� ��练掌握。假如汉� �拼音方案就是理想 的编码输入法，就� ��应以不适合“� ��方口音”为由� ��指责。更没有必� �去追求所谓不懂汉 字也能使用的汉字� ��码。当然，编码� �涉及的文字知识不 能过深，比如说不� ��要求用户掌握字� �或文字演变方面的 知识。只要编码所� ��及的文字知识不� �出基础教育的范围 ，与国民教育背景� ��适应，在评价和� �较编码方案的易学 性时，似乎就没有� ��要过份强调彼此� �间在这方面的差异 。

　　汉字编码的易� ��性重点体现在&ldqu o;编码知识”方� ��，即编码方案自� �的、需要特别学习 的东西。因此，易� ��性的最高境界是� �码中与汉字知识没 有内在联系的“ 编码知识”减至 最少，充分利用人� ��已经掌握或者应� �掌握的汉语基础知 识，与国民教育背� ��相适应，与现行� �文教学规律高度一 致，真正做到“ 见字识码”。这 似乎与编码的规范� ��混为一谈了。实� �上，规范性与易学 性是相通的，即规� ��性好的编码应该� �容易掌握。但规范 性并不是易学性的� ��分条件。易学性� �以规范性为基础， 但规范性好的编码� ��易学性也可能不� �。规范性的重点是 码元的选取和汉字� ��拆分，易学性则� �在此基础上还要强 调码元与键元之间� ��映射关系等因素� �例如，即使完全采 用规范的汉字笔画� ��部首作为码元，� �如果毫无规律地安 排各码元的键位，� ��码的易学性仍然� �差。

　　显然，码元的� ��位安排是影响编� �易学性最重要的因 素。好的键位安排� ��力求做到：码元� �键元之间的对应关 系简单、直接，不� ��容易记忆，而且� �应速度快，不假思 索。对形码而言，� ��件“音托” （限于有音部件）� ��为理想，“形� ��”（有时显得� ��强）次之，而依� �画纵横排列的&ldquo ;坐标定位”，� �于需要一个思考过 程，又次之。

　　影响编码易学� ��的另一个因素似� �是码元的数量。但 笔者认为，确定码� ��所依据的规则的� �单性比码元数量本 身更为重要。也就� ��说，如果所有的� �元都是根据简单的 规则来确定，即使� ��元数量稍多，也� �数量较少但却任凭 编码人“主观&rd quo;指定的码元好记 （不考虑码元与键� ��之间的对应关系� �。

　　三．高效性

　　汉字编码的高� ��性反映在两个方� �：其一，用于键盘 输入时，具有可被� ��遍接受的输入速� �；其二，用于辞典 检索时可以直接翻� ��检字。

　　有人建议将编� ��分为两类，一类� �适用于专业打字员 的“专业型&rdquo ;，另一类为适用于 普通用户的“普 及型”，理由是 高速度对于以“ 想打”为主的普 通用户没有实际意� ��，因为受思维速� �的限制，他们并不 需要很高的输入速� ��。笔者理解，持� �种观点的人，是基 于“快”和&l dquo;易”未能得� ��的现实而作一种� �衷选择，多少含有 无奈的色彩。但这� ��说法本身值得讨� �。人们“想&rdqu o;文章时，一般是� �词为最小单位，多 数情况下是很快地� ��好了一句话或者� �个词语，然后再思 考下一句话或者词� ��之间的连接或转� �，有时当然也会花 很多时间推敲个别� ��语甚至个别字，� �就一般而言，人们 思考时不会一个字� ��个字地“蹦&rdq uo;。如果想好了一� ��话或者一个词语� �在完成输入之前， 人们很难继续集中� ��意力思考下文，� �谓“一心不能� �用”。因此，� �果不能将已经&ldquo ;存”在人脑中� �东西尽可能快地&ld quo;转存”到电� �中，无疑会反过来 影响人脑的思维速� ��。

　　编码的高效性� ��要体现在重码率� �但我们不应只偏重 于单字的重码率。� ��于一个配有几万� �词语大词库、以词 为主的编码输入法� ��说，词重码率当� �字重码率更起作用 。只有字输入为主� ��编码，其单字重� �率才起主导作用。 在现阶段，普通连� ��文本一般以词输� �为主，再考虑最高 频字以简码输入，� ��重码率的重要地� �更不容忽视。但这 并不意味字重码率� ��不重要了。字重� �率，特别是常用字 的重码率，对键盘� ��入的高速度，仍� �是至关重要的，因 为常用字中含有为� ��不少的单字词，� �且使用频率较高。 此外，字重码率的� ��要性还体现在辞� �检索方面。但与电 脑输入相比，辞典� ��索对重码率的要� �要低得多（同一页 纸可容纳若干字）� ��因此，一种编码� �如果其重码率低至 能够满足键盘输入� ��度的要求，用于� �典检索时一般也就 足以做到直接翻页� ��字了。

　　讨论键盘输入� ��度，当然要考虑� �码输入法的“� �能”水平。但� �脑智能处理技术只 在编码用于键盘输� ��时才起作用，与� �码本身的效率无关 。本文所说的编码� ��效性的第一个方� �，即“用于键� �输入时，具有可被 普遍接受的输入速� ��”，是指编码� ��案应该为键盘输� �的高速度提供基础 ，有了这个基础，� ��脑智能就可以更� �效地发挥作用，从 而达到令人满意的� ��入速度。

　　四．通用性

　　汉字编码的通� ��性有三个含义：� �用于编码的各种应 用领域；用于键盘� ��入时，通用于想� �、看打和听打，并 与国际通行的计算� ��设施兼容；通用� �全汉字集。

　　除键盘输入外� ��编码的另一个主� �用途是汉字排检。 目前最流行的汉字� ��检法有部首法（� �序）和拼音法（音 序）两种。因为同� ��首字和同音字太� �，因此，二者都还 需要附加其它次级� ��序标准，才能实� �对辞典中的全部汉 字排序。又由于这� ��附加的定序标准� �不统一又很繁琐， 还不直观，普通用� ��知之甚少，因此� �未给辞典使用者带 来实际好处。人们� ��难从同部首字或� �音字中“看&rdqu o;出字序来。在普� �用户眼里，辞典只 是给汉字按部首或� ��拼音分了“类& rdquo;，而同部首 ( 尤其又同笔数 ) 字或同音字之间并� ��“序”可言 。传统排检法的一� ��缺点是不能直接� �页检字。显然，汉 字编码可以实现辞� ��的直接翻页检字� �但汉字编码的难处 在于汉字排序。也� ��所有的编码方案� �能排序，然而，由 “码序”决� �的汉字排列却往往 杂乱无章。文字界� ��果对此要求过高� �将很难实现编码输 入与汉字排检的统� ��。以笔者之见，� �果按编码排序的汉 字排列能够做到根� ��字的某种特征 ( 如声母、首笔或字� ��等 ) 分出“类”� �，就应“宽容&r dquo;地认为该汉字� �列本身为有序排列 。

　　一般认为，形� ��适用于看打，音� �适用于想打和听打 。但此说似乎并不� ��确切。应该说形� �更适用于单字输入 ，音码更适用于词� ��输入。人们“� ��打”文章时，� ��不一定是一个字� �个字地“看&rdqu o;，而更可能是一� �词语甚至一句话地 “看”，故� �，在通常条件下， 音码也适用于看打� ��基于这个理由，� �者以为，以词为主 、以音为先的编码� ��可能满足“通� ��于想打、看打和� �打”的要求。� �最理想的做法似乎 应该设法将形码和� ��码合理地结合在� �起，供用户随机地 、不切换地选用。� ��于“与国际通� ��的计算机设施兼� �”的要求不难� �足，实际上大部分 流行编码都已经做� ��这一点。

　　汉字总量有几� ��，而常用字却只� �几千。我们当然首 先要解决常用字的� ��码，但毫无疑问� �非常用字的编码也 需要最终得到解决� ��由几千字量上升� �几万字量，相应的 汉字编码研究的难� ��之比也许类似于� �量之比。同一个编 码方案，当编码字� ��集扩大时，如果� �保持编码规则完全 不变，当然最理想� ��但难度很大，因� �很可能造成常规字 符集编码的规则也� ��时趋于复杂。由� �非常用字的数量比 常用字大得多，而� ��用频率却低得多� �为了避免非常用字 对常用字的干扰，� ��编码方案中，在� �定字量值上设置切 换点，不失为一种� ��理的做法。而且� �由常规字符集切换 到大字符集时，还� ��该允许编码规则� �适当修改。但这种 修改必须限制在合� ��的范围。如果改� �面目全非，就变成 了另一种编码，已� ��掌握常规字符集� �码的用户还得从头 学起。笔者以为，� ��一个编码方案，� �换到大字符集时， 应该允许增加码元� ��改变码长甚至改� �取码顺序等，但最 低限度必须保持原� ��码元的定义和键� �不变。

在体育的竞技场上� ��中国“马家军& rdquo;教头马俊仁率� ��王军霞、曲云霞� �人组成的精锐部队 ，争金夺银，一日� ��次刷新世界纪录� �令全世界对中国人 刮目相看。“马 家军”的崛起， 是鳖精滋补，是高� ��训练，还是有什� �特异功能，个中奥 妙，近乎于传奇。 然而，华夏大地上� ��有另一支阵容庞� �的“码家军&rdqu o;部队，为了电脑� �中文化进程，他们 在汉字编码的攻坚� ��役里奋力拼搏，� �复一年，日复一日 ，打破和刷新了多� ��项世界纪录，却� �人做出准确的统计 。 这支“码家军&rd quo;中的佼佼者，随 着新闻传媒的广为� ��传，其非凡的业� �可以说已是家喻户 晓。五笔字型和王� ��民、自然码和周� �农、表形码和陈爱 文……，就 连声数码和唐懋宽� ��也因《电脑报》� �篇短文让诸多读者 们一睹其绚丽风姿� �� 这支“码家军&rd quo;中更多的英雄豪 杰，那些默默无闻� ��耕耘者们同样值� �大书特书。据有关 人士统计说，中国& ldquo;码家军”前 后已历时２０年之� ��，总人数业已超� �１０万之众，比较 完整地提出编码方� ��的总数是７５０� �种，已经申请到专 利的超过４００余� ��，已经制成电脑� �件上机运行的就有 １００余种之多。� ��波澜壮阔之势，� �世界科学研究史上 ，恐怕连美国“ 阿波罗飞船”登 月大型系统工程也� ��形见绌。 中国的“码家军 ”，每一个编码 的背后，都有一个� ��折的故事。 中国的“码家军 ”，每一项成功 的喜悦，都满含着� ��酸和苦涩。 ------------------------- --------------- 公元一千九百六十� ��年，中华文化史� �令人不堪回首的特 殊岁月，神州大地� ��笼罩在黑夜的阴� �之中。 这是一间当时被称� ��“牛棚”的 斗室，肮脏而潮湿� ��墙角挂满了蜘蛛� �。整个房间密不透 风，连一扇窗户也� ��有，空气中充满� �难闻的气味。透过 墙壁，可以隐约听� ��远处传来的口号� �和“文攻武卫&r dquo;的阵阵枪响。� �有床，没有桌子， 也没有任何其他的� ��具，仅在粗糙的� �泥地上铺着一张草 席，使这６平方米� ��斗室显得格外凄� �。一盏白炽灯昼夜 不灭，惨白的灯光� ��在墙上一幅刺目� �标语上：“坦� �从宽，抗拒从严&rd quo;，不仅增添了一 种沉重的压抑感，� ��说明了这间住房� �人特殊的“身� �”。 室内关押着唯一的& ldquo;犯人”，看 上去已经年愈花甲� ��饱经风霜的面容� �还依稀保留着学者 的风度。当他作为& ldquo;反动学术权威& rdquo;被押入“牛 棚”后，这位著 名的总工程师，曾� ��德国工作过１１� �专家失去了人身自 由，被迫中断了自� ��毕生热爱的仪器� �表专业研究。 和当时许许多多身� ��囹圄的老一辈科� �家一样，时间对他 已经所剩不多。 “我还能够做点 什么呢？”他在 室内踱来踱去：写� ��查？扪心自问，� �年偕德籍夫人毅然 返回故土，把自己� ��学识和才华献给� �祖国的科学事业， 实在没有什么值得� ��悔的。继续研究� �既无仪器，又无仪 表，不能够实验和� ��析，能继续进行� �么课题呢？他最终 停在了那张标语前� ��无意识地盯着用� �笔书写的大号字体 ，看着看着，头脑� ��突然闪现出一个� �头， 这是他设想过但一� ��无暇了却的夙愿� � 也许现在正是一次� ��会，一种“天� ��良缘”。 “是的，没有仪 器仪表，但我懂得� ��们的原理；没有� �验手段，但我还有 能思索的大脑，还� ��通晓几国语言的� �势，还有一颗报效 祖国的拳拳赤子之� ��！” 从此，在极其艰难� ��苦的环境里，他� �始了一项极其艰巨 宏大的工程—&md ash;建造一种神秘的 符号体系。他不敢� ��纸，因为每一张� �片都被人做了编号 ，只允许用来写检� ��，唯一可以用来� �录思维的只有茶杯 盖。日复一日，冬� ��夏至，他在斗室� �挥汗如雨，在杯盖 上写了又擦，擦了� ��写，还要随时提� �“看守”的� ��查——如果 被人发现，还不知� ��会有什么厄运在� �待着他。他把自己 对事业的执著追求� ��全部爱心，都尽� �地倾注在自己创造 的各种符号上。这� ��符号，看起来又� �英文，又象像德文 ，但都不能拼出任� ��有意义的外文字� �，也许自己也不一 定能够完全弄清它� ��的含义。奇怪的� �，有的时候他在茶 杯盖上写的是一个� ��一个的汉字，而� �的时候又是一个又 一个的字母，更多� ��时候却是两者的� �替。他没有资料， 没有工具，也没有� ��何人可以探讨和� �流，凭借的只是顽 强的意志和超人的� ��忆力……� �� 整整六年过去了，� ��黎明又重新来临� �时候，当知识又重 新找回它的价值的� ��候，我们的仪器� �表专家额头上已爬 满了皱纹，甚至只� ��够坐着轮椅来发� �自己的论文。他终 于看到自己含辛茹� ��研究出的“神� ��符号”取得了� ��项中国第一：中� �报纸第一次报道的 汉字编码，中国大� ��第一个汉字信息� �理系统。 这究竟是一项什么� ��的发明呢？中国� �老百姓可能不太清 楚。当时人们只记� ��，在大体相同年� �成就的陈景润&ldquo ;1 ＋2 ”陈氏定理，曾 经被徐迟先生的那� ��著名的报告文学� �得几乎是家喻户哓 。那几麻袋草稿，� ��走路撞树的趣事� �那“王冠上的� �珠”拨动了多� �人的心弦！然而， 同是在六平方米斗� ��里开创的另一个� �不比攻克“哥� �巴赫猜想”逊� �的重要成果，却由 于时机不备的局限� ��鲜为人知。也许� �连发明者自己可能 都未曾想到，他在& ldquo;牛棚”的茶 杯盖上写下的那些� ��号，会拉开７０� �代后期震惊神州大 地的“编码现象 ”之帏幕，会触 发古老汉字与现代� ��脑大碰撞的狂飙� � １９７８年７月１� ��日，《文汇报》� �整版的篇幅介绍了 这位仪器仪表专家� ��他发明的汉字编� �。人们记住了他的 姓名——支� �彝，上海电工仪器 研究所总工程师，� ��发明的编码做作&l dquo;见字识码” ，是最早的“音 码”方案之一。 １９８４年１０月� ��张寿萱等学者用&l dquo;支码”一举� ��取了中国最早&ldqu o;换笔者”的桂� ��。一本４２万字� �《中文信息的计算 机处理》学术著作� ��由宇航出版社正� �出版发行。这本书 ，从键入第一个字� ��始，到装订成册� �止，全部写作、编 辑、印刷、出版周� ��，只用了１１个� �。 ------------------------- --------------------- １９８３年，刚出� ��褓的中国汉字编� �界，被一则激奋人 心的消息搅得沸沸� ��扬。 为了增加一点戏剧� ��果，我们先把时� �向后拨动整整一年 。１９８４年９月� ��纽约联合国大厅� �人头攒动，一位美 国的迟到者一进大� ��就向别人打探。� �人指了指前方，示 意他观看表演。他� ��着手指的方向，� �异地发现在前排就 座的，是一群黄皮� ��黑眼珠的中国人� �两台微型电脑旁， 分别端坐着两位美� ��的小姐，正紧张� �伸开十指，轻放在 键盘上。迟到者怀� ��好奇，好不容易� �从人群缝隙中挤了 过去。低头观看操� ��员小姐面前的文� �。一位小姐的文件 用英文写成，他看� ��懂；而另一位小� �的文件，他看不太 懂，可是猜得出是� ��国汉字。 正准备继续询问时� ��主持人发话了： “女士们，先生 们，表演马上开始� ��我首先申明，这� �位小姐面前的原稿 ，记录的是同样的� ��容，是我们刚才� �各种文件中任意选 择的。”说完， 他停顿了一下，回� ��向身后的中国客� �请示，得到首肯后 ，接着说道：“ 那么，表演现在开� ��。” 话音刚落， 只见两位电脑打字� ��手“噼噼啪啪& rdquo; 地敲击起键盘，指� ��字成，字成指动� �一眨眼的功夫，各 自的屏幕上都已布� ��密密麻麻的文字� � 大厅内的观众，似� ��屏住了呼吸。时� �一分一秒地过去， 只见其中的一位小� ��停下操作，长长� �了一口气，而另一 位却还在不停地敲� ��。那迟到者又往� �凑了凑，他几乎不 敢相信自己的眼睛� ��首先输入完毕的� �正是那份他看不太 懂的文件。迟到者� ��瞪口呆，彻底地� �惊了。 当经久不息的掌声� ��他惊醒过来时，� �时员正在宣布表演 结果：中文电脑操� ��员，每分钟输入� �字１２０个。这个 数字意味着什么，� ��到者心里异常清� �，因为他就是一位 行家里手，不久前� ��观看了台湾同行� �他们的仓颉码输入 汉字的演示，每分� ��也不过四五十个� �。这时，他看见有 位中年学者从人群� ��站起来，频频点� �感谢观众热情的掌 声。这位学者留着� ��发，带着眼镜，� �着西服，却是地地 道道的中国人。 不知怎的，迟到者� ��然想起了老莫尔� �的那句话：“� �帝创造了何等奇迹 ”。可惜，眼前 的这位中国学者肯� ��不相信什么上帝� �他赶紧找到表演的 主持人，仔细地了� ��了事情的来龙去� �，然后，又迅速地 来到中国学者下榻� ��宾馆，递上自己� �名片。 “王先生，我是 纽约ＨＴ电脑公司� ��裁，今天有幸观� �了先生发明的五笔 字型输入表演，真� ��令人大开眼界。� �知道王先生是否有 意留在美国与我们� ��作？”迟到者� ��恐别人抢了头彩� �来不及寒暄就单刀 直入：“我们可 以为您提供最好的� ��究条件，至于先� �的年薪嘛，可以在 １０万美金的数额� ��考虑”。 被称为王先生的那� ��中年学者，笑着� �摇头。 “如果不够，敝 公司还可以增加更� ��的待遇。”Ｈ� ��公司的老板急忙� �充道。 王先生仍然衿持地� ��着：“非常感� ��贵公司的盛情，� �是我只能在祖国的 大地上浇灌‘五 笔字型之花’， 这是他一生奋斗的� ��旨！” ＨＴ公司的老板不� ��惋惜地告辞了。� �先生——我� ��知道他叫王永民� �来自中国河南南阳 地区科委的小小办� ��员——不禁 思绪万千，沉溺在� ��往事的回忆里。 中州重镇南阳，地� ��人灵，据说诸葛� �明曾在此结草庐而 居。可是王永民并� ��有因此受到书香� �第的熏陶，他的双 亲都是目不识丁的� ��朴农民。贫困的� �庭，自小给了他一 种特别能吃苦的品� ��和坚韧不拔的耐� �；艰难的环境，反 而玉成了他今后从� ��编码研究必须具� �的能力。他以南阳 地区第一名的成绩� ��考上了中国科技� �学。毕业时却命运 多舛，正赶上那场� ��无前例的浩劫，� �分配到农场开荒种 地，又在四川的大� ��沟里呆了好几年� �最后还是因病回到 了生他养他的南阳� ��园。 以后的经历似乎与� ��尔斯十分相似。� �果不是一次偶然的 机会，王永民也许� ��会走上汉字编码� �发明道路。他是因 一场精彩的报告而� ��奋。那是１９７� �年的金秋， 《英华大字典》 主编、我国著名学� ��郑易里教授来郑� �讲学。郑老渊博的 知识和汉字字根编� ��的理论，深深打� �了听众中的王永民 ，使他对“修复 汉字长城”的工 作产生了极大的兴� ��。他决心发扬光� �郑老的理论学说， 并通过自己的双手� ��创出一种新的编� �方案。 一旦步入了“蜀 道”，以后４年 艰辛的岁月可想而� ��。王永民先生自� �写道：“那些� �，没黑没明，日夜 苦干，只觉得越研� ��越复杂，越试验� �有兴趣，根本刹不 住车。谁要说当时� ��预见到日后可以� �功，那只能是吹牛 ”。 王永民毕竟没有吹� ��。１９８３年８� �２９日，来自全国 各地的４０余名专� ��，聚集在郑州，� �郑易里教授的亲自 主持下，为王永民� ��编码——五 笔字型做出鉴定。� ��老给了它“世� ��先进水平”的� ��高评价，并代表� �家们激动地宣布： “汉字输入电脑 不能与西文相比的� ��代一去不复返了&r dquo;。 从此， 王永民带着他的五� ��字型 ，堂而皇之地闯入� ��城，一发而不可� �。他研究、推广和 销售的根据地不断� ��“星火燎原&rdq uo;，一直发展到今� ��的“王码电脑� ��司”，仍然没� ��“刹车”的 迹象。快速打字的� ��演和宣传，在神� �大地上刮起了&ldquo ;王码”旋风，� �受困扰中国汉字像 沐浴到甘霖。王永� ��的勤奋和不懈努� �地推广收获了沉甸 甸的蒴果：全国各� ��几十万中国人、� �００多家报纸杂志 编辑、中央和地方� ��府机关的文秘人� �接受了五笔字型， 使自己的工作如虎� ��翼。国内微型电� �的７０％装上了它 ，装机量居所有编� ��方案之首。五笔� �型也不拂众望，连 续取得了美国、英� ��和中国的发明专� �，摘取了中国和国 际多项发明金奖。� ��永民先生因此荣� �了全国劳动模范、 国家级专家、教授� ��称、优秀科技工� �者等多项殊荣，中 国人民对汉字编码� ��明者的历史功绩� �出了最大的回报。 １９９３年，中央� ��视台又在隆重播� �王永民教授的《五 笔字型》讲座。有� ��这种每分钟能打� �００多字的编码， 汉字与电脑的联姻� ��否就此进入“� ��月”？１０万� ��坚大军是否从此� �“刀枪入库，� �放南山”呢？ 要回答读者的疑虑� ��不妨对后来改称� �码的五笔字型编码 方案略作一番浏览� �� 人们常常把五笔字� ��和五笔划混为一� �。实际上，虽然真 正意义上的五笔字� ��，与我们上节提� �的五笔划共存于王 码系统，但它们却� ��属完全不同的类� �。我们已经基本了 解的五笔划输入，� ��是用笔画输入汉� �方法的一种，容易 学但打不快。五笔� ��型则是一种纯粹� �拼形方案，它与五 笔划仅在部件分类� ��键盘安排上有一� �的联系。 王永民教授自己也� ��讲到，东汉许慎� �出的“独体为� �，合体为字”� �就是讲中国汉字（ 字）都是由５００� ��个基本的独体字� �文），像搭积木那 样拼合构成。他认� ��，许慎的这一见� �，是汉字输入难题 得以最终解决的&ldq uo;指路明灯”。 在这盏“指路明 灯” 的指引下， 王教授把所有的汉� ��都归纳为１３０� �基本部件即“� �根” 的组合， 并把这些字根分布� ��２５个字母键位� �，比起拉丁字母来 还少用一个键。每� ��键４次就能输入� �个汉字，４次按键 就是用字根来“ 拼装”汉字的过 程。当然，王教授� ��找到一些简化的� �法，以尽量减少常 用字的击键次数。� ��如，有６００多� �常用的汉字，分别 作为一、二级“ 简码字”，每字 只要击键１～２次� ��五笔字型的特点� �于，它的１３０个 字根均按照第一笔� ��的类型分为５种� �即“横竖撇捺� �”，并在键盘� �划分相应的５个区 ，以形成有规律的� ��列。因为１３０� �字根在数量上无法 与２５个字母键匹� ��，所以每一键位� �分配了３～１２个 不等的字根。王永� ��先生为了帮助初� �者入门，也颇费心 血地想了各种办法� ��比如，用儿歌的� �式编歌诀，什么&ld quo;王旁青头兼五一 ，土士二千十寸雨� ��大犬三羊古石雨&r dquo;等等，一共有� �５句。 初学者背熟键盘字� ��图后，第二步的� �务是学习各种汉字 的分解。正如我们� ��节讲过的那样，� �笔字型有自己规定 的拆分方法。有的� ��，象“本” 拆成“木一&rdquo ;、“太”拆� ��“大、”， 问题不大；但有的� ��，像“那” 拆成“刀二阝&rd quo;、“曲”� ��成“冂廿” 、“其”拆� �“艹三八”� ��等，不经过专门� �培训，是学不到手 的，因为它与我们� ��常的写字习惯相� �甚远。在王永民教 授编著的四大本分� ��的教材中，大部� �内容是教学生如何 拆分汉字。后来新� ��的《五笔字型》� �视讲座教材，洋洋 数万字，也是厚厚� ��一大摞。 在一般情况下，要� ��成为一个熟练的� �笔字型汉字录入员 ，大都需要经过十� ��半月的专门训练� �然后还要练上几个 月的时间。若想真� ��打得快，必须把� �６００多个简码字 的编码牢牢地背熟� ��在使用中，若间� �时间过长，又很容 易遗忘。当然，只� ��肯下苦功，通过� �学也能成才，例如 ，著名作家马识途� ��徐迟等人，六七� �岁的高龄，经过一 段时间的苦练后，� ��尽甘来，尝到了� �笔字型输入汉字的 甜头。 对于那些以处理大� ��汉字为职业的专� �人员，例如打字员 、录入员、秘书等� ��，王永民教授给� �他（她）们一件威 力巨大的“法宝 ”，使他（她） 们彻底告别繁重的� ��牍抄写或者笨重� �机械打字机，潇洒 地坐在计算机操作� ��前。 五笔字型非常适合� ��不看键盘的“� ��打”操作，因� ��它几乎不必像拼� �码那样“选字&r dquo;。它的重码率� �约只有万分之二， 也就是说， 打一万字才有一两� ��同码汉字。平均� �说，每个汉字的击 键次数也不超过３� ��，尤其后期推出� �新版王码系统，增 加了词组功能，可� ��同时输入各种词� �，显著增强了它的 速度优势。 王永民成功了，他� ��心血浇灌的“� ��笔字型之花”� ��祖国的大地上吐� �芬芳。王永民的编 码方案是否是拼形� ��码中最好的一种� �专家们没有最后表 态，学术界也没有� ��终下结论。在这� �点上，同样用得着 “物竞天择，优 胜劣汰”的自然 法则。但五笔字型� ��少已经为中国的� �些专职人员架起了 一座天桥，至少引� ��一部分中国人通� �了艰险的“蜀� �”。 可以认为，从五笔� ��型开始，中国优� �的专业电脑打字员 ，他们的打字效率� ��经超过了优秀的� �文打字员。有关专 家曾根据在计算机� ��存中的多种体裁� �稿对比测算，同一 文字材料，英文打� ��击键次数是汉字� �数的４倍（这是汉 字储存信息优势的� ��一例证）。汉字� �入员如果能够达到 每分钟８０个汉字� ��同样效率的英文� �字员就必须在每分 钟里击键３２０次� ��即每秒种需敲击� �盘６下。每秒钟８ ０汉字，仅是我国� ��关部门拟定的中� �电脑打字员技术等 级标准。目前，熟� ��的五笔字型汉字� �入员，能够达到１ ２０字／秒的速度� ��比比皆是，从输� �信息的角度判断， 他们都已经接近了� ��文打字世界冠军� �格先生的超级水平 。 遗憾的是，五笔字� ��的学习，是一种� �格的职业技术培训 ，如果指望学会这� ��本领像夏天吃冰� �那样舒服，往往是 浅尝辄止，半途而� ��。现在人们所指� �“打得快的方� �不好学”，就� �针对五笔字型而言 。对于更多的普通� ��国人，不可能有� �会也没有必要去接 受这种职业训练。� ��笔字型好比“� ��梅止渴”，可� ��而不可及。 不是我们不愿意学� ��，也不是我们不� �吃苦，我们确实没 有时间，去背会１� ��０个字根的位置� �６００多个简码； 我们也确实没有精� ��，去学习那四大� �教材，记住那些繁 杂的拆分规则。 想用五笔字型实现� ��体中国人的“� ��笔梦”，离理� ��境界还相距太远� � ------------------------- ------------------------- - 创造一种绝大多数� ��国人都好学好用� �输入方法，彻底解 决中文电脑在汉字� ��会的大普及，实� �亿万炎黄子孙的&ld quo;换笔”夙愿&m dash;—这是１０� ��编码大军的“� ��学之梦”。 在五笔字型及一批� ��秀的汉字编码撕� �“蜀道”的� ��破口后，攻坚战� �已进入到白热化的 阶段，科学的梦就� ��要变成现实… … １９８９年的日历� ��翻了几页。 一张向学生普及计� ��机的报纸， 以“神奇的汉字 编码”为题，长 篇累牍专栏连载，� ��唤全国的少年儿� �们“跟我从头� �……”� �� 从头学，学什么编� ��呢？请看这张报� �刊载的令人振奋的 评语： ——“该� ��码在各种拼形输� �方案中具有先进性 ，达到了国际水平& rdquo;，国内著名专� ��在鉴定报告中这� �写到。 ——“汉� ��中唯一的一种密� �被你们发现了&rdquo ;，大学教授这样评 价。 ——“这� ��编码高出了一个� �量级”，四通� �脑公司的总工程师 推荐说，并当即决� ��作为四通中文打� �机用户必选码。 ——“只� ��根据这一方案， 才能彻底解决汉字� ��码问题， 我将大力协助推广� ��个编码”，&ldq uo;大众码”的发 明人、国家级专家� ��代宇于是说，虽� �“大众码”� ��被国家有关部门� �为优秀的Ａ类方案 。 这种“神奇的编 码”，正是１９ ８７年诞生的“ 表形码”，它的 发明人陈爱文先生� ��是壮志凌云，一� �即出，震惊四座： “表形码愿与王 码在中央电视台打� ��， 比赛汉字键盘输入� ��输方支付十万元� �民币……&r dquo;。 陈爱文，一位旅居� ��国的华侨人士，� �在巴黎有个家，却 在浙江的温州创办� ��一家个体研究所� �自１９８４年以来 长期逗留在祖国。� ��为研究所想出一� �寓意深长的名称&md ash;—“温州� ��粟文字技术处理� �究所”。想一� �，“雨粟”� ��它的喻义是什么� �陈爱文先生期盼着 再来一次“天雨 粟，鬼夜哭”。 表形码从它的名称� ��就能看出它是典� �的“形码”� ��与五笔字型同属� �类。陈爱文为何敢 于向王永民“叫 阵”呢？恐怕是 因为表形码练就了� ��招厉害的“码� ��”。 表形码也采用２６� ��英文字母为编码� �入汉字，但突出了 “表形”的� �长，尽量选择与汉 字部件形状相似的� ��母作为代码。一� �望去，很有些&ldquo ;似曾相似燕归来&rd quo;的感觉。这里我 们并没有把各字母� ��代表的汉字部件� �全。例如，字母&ld quo;Ｘ”除代表� �件“十”，� ��代表与其类似的&l dquo;Ｘ”、“ 丿”等；字母&ld quo;Ｅ”所代表� �“彐”，无� ��开口朝何方都行� �如“山”&ldq uo;巾”等等。当 我们输入汉字时，� ��符上英文字母与� �上的汉字部件形象 对应，这种反应在� ��脑中最直接，记� �这些部件不那么吃 力。 有的汉字， 马上就能够“拼 ”出来。如&ldquo ;OO”是“吕&r dquo;，“OOO” 是“品”，&l dquo;EP”是“� ��”，“OX&rdq uo;是“叶”� �“XXE”是&ldq uo;希”，“PT O”是“阿&rdq uo;，而“OPTO&rdqu o;是“啊”&he llip;…。那么， “XO”呢？可 能是“古”� �也可能是“右&r dquo;。这里出现了� �码。 陈爱文先生想出一� ��很简单的办法来� �除重码：在部件编 码后加上汉字的读� ��，当然只须要加� �音的第一个字母。 “古”（GU） 字加“G”，� ��码变成“XOG&rdq uo;；“右”� �YOU）字加“Y&rdq uo;，编码变成“ XOY”，这两个字 不再是同码字。 表形码也是击键１� ��４次输入一个汉� �，它也能够方便地 输入词组，以加快� ��度。但是， 请千万不要以为表� ��码输入汉字就是� �此之简单， 某些宣传材料也只� ��说到此处，“� ��到为止”，以� ��给人造成了某种� �觉。其实，表形码 同样要碰到汉字的� ��分问题，与五笔� �型类似，它也规定 了分解汉字的规则� �� 表形码确定的汉字� ��件总数有３７３� �。 这３７３个“拼 形字母” 又分为离聚、交叉� ��包围、粘连、字� �五种类型，构成了 一张完整的“汉 字字母表”。许 多文字学家对表形� ��情有独钟，他们� �为，这张“字� �表”的分类方� �，“上承汉字� �造字历史，下接键 符的直接安排” ，使用者并不需要� ��个个地记忆汉字� �拆分，而是看到某 个汉字就可分出它� ��包含的部件，不� �产生歧义。例如， “且”字，� �的方案把它拆为&ld quo;冂三”，这� �违背了造字历史的 依据；表形码则规� ��“且”不拆 分，用字母“Ｂ ”象形表示。于 是，成批的类似字� ��能用它拼装，如&l dquo;目、直、其、� �、身、耳、睡、咱 、躺、甚”等等 ，一下就学会了拆� ��好多字。 由于拆字较有规律� ��表形码比其他形� �易学好记。举个例 子说，６０多岁的� ��名作家韶华，在� �爱文先生送他一套 表形码软件后，二� ��多天就能熟练地� �它写小说，至今已 写完百万字，还参� ��打字比赛得过奖� �有报纸报道，表形 码在南方方言区的� ��东倍受青睐，大� �大紫，成为南方人 “换笔”的� �选编码。１９９３ 年，它又捧走了两� ��中国科学技术博� �会金奖，并进驻了 中南海的国务院办� ��厅。 中国的教育专家们� ��对表形码产生了� �厚的兴趣。他们的 热点在于：儿童学� ��表形码能够有力� �促进识字教学。在 北京一所小学实验� ��上，３４名一年� �小学生只用了３０ 多个课时学习表形� ��，不仅掌握了电� �打字，而且语文成 绩名列全年级第一� ��有了汉字的“� ��形字母”作桥� ��，儿童们对不认� �的字，也能够自己 学着拼装识记。有� ��学者甚至还出版� �按表形码部件&ldquo ;字母”编排的� �字字典，以替代古 老的部首查字。 也难怪陈爱文敢于� ��出来，在高手林� �的“码林”� ��山论剑，争当&ldqu o;码林盟主”。� ��形码的成功，或� �正如潘德孚先生在 全国教育科学研究� ��权威学术杂志上� �出的那样： “我们在过去的 一个时期中，曾竭� ��推行汉字拉丁化� �其目的是想使汉字 现代化、字母化。� ��在通过汉字字形� �码的研究，我们可 以这么说，这个目� ��将很快实现了&rdqu o;。 ------------------------- ------------------------ 表形码虽然比较容� ��学习，但它毕竟� �是要逼迫我们去记 忆，也许还是更适� ��于专业性质的汉� �输入。对于非职业 汉字录入的普通人� ��还有没有更理想� �编码，能直接利用 我们过去已经掌握� ��知识，只学几天� �能入门呢？ 当然有。请读者回� ��我们以前讲过的� �容。只要你在小学 一年级学过汉语拼� ��，几分钟就能上� �打字。如果不怕慢 ，也不失为一条&ldq uo;换笔”的途径 。不过，慢与快之� ��可以相互转化，� �然“拼形编码&r dquo;能够挣出“� ��学难记”的桎� ��，“拼音编码& rdquo;为什么不能插� ��“高速”的 翅膀呢？ 攻坚部队的另一支& ldquo;方面军”， 从这里又“杀&rd quo;开一条“血� �”。 汉语拼音编码输入� ��字，两个关键问� �亟待解决，一是击 键次数多，二是重� ��汉字的干扰。 仔细研究它的缺陷� ��，又冒出了若干� �的障碍，把拼音编 码的道路闭塞得更� ��窄。 障碍之一是所谓的& ldquo;多音字”。 拼音输入引起重码� ��是“同音字&rdq uo;，即多个汉字读� ��种音，而多音字� �是一个汉字有不同 的读音。例如，&ldq uo;参”字，在参 加、参差、人参三� ��词里读音各不相� �。据说，在广州曾 有间铺子，门面不� ��，名气却不小。� �的店名叫“行� �行” 。 三个“行” 字， 应分别读作：“ xing xing hang”，意思是&l dquo;施行德行的商� �” 。 类似的多音字，还� ��以举出一批，如� �长、种种、重重、 数数……。 据统计，在《辞海� �� 里， 多音字占１６％，� ��要是一字二音，� �也有三音四音，最 多一个竟有八种音� ��就是“那” 字。在拼音编码输� ��里，多音字虽然� �会引起重码，但必 须设法为它配上多� ��代码，否则仅根� �某一读音就可能调 不出这个字。 障碍之二是方言的� ��扰。我国地域辽� �，使用汉语的人群 被划分为若干方言� ��。虽然我国大力� �广了普通话，但只 要有方言存在，就� ��可能要求所有的� �，都能掌握普通话 的准确发音。同一� ��“日”字， 沈阳人读“一&rd quo;，武汉人读&ldquo ;二”，上海人� �“三”，四� ��人读“四” 。多数南方人“ 牛”、“刘&r dquo;不分，“知& rdquo;、“资&rdquo ;不分。要他们用拼 音输入“宁&rdquo ; 字，往往要在nin、n ing、lin 、ling四种读音里一 个一个地试，更不� ��说完全不会讲普� �话的人怎样使用拼 音编码，总不能为� ��们专门设计出一� �“南方拼音&rdqu o;吧！ 上述问题，一件件� ��得用心解决，才� �从“山重水复� �无路”，走向&l dquo;柳暗花明又一� �”。 １９８９年，中国� ��京的周志农，当� �最年轻的汉字软件 专家之一，集各路& ldquo;码林高手” 的十八般“武艺 ”之大成，搞出 了一个“一揽子 ”解决方案。他 不仅使拼音编码实� ��了一次巨大的跨� �，而且使这种编码 ——“自� ��码”，跻身于� ��国智能汉字输入� �统的巅峰。 自然码是一种音形� ��合、字词一体、� �能联想的“拼� �”。许多人在� �用了自然码后，不 惜用最美好的语言� ��赞誉它，说它是� �及型拼音汉字输入 系统里，“最先 进、最好学、最方� ��、最快捷、最具� �能特点”的编� �。由于“最&rdqu o;字的头绪太多，� �听我们细说端详。 周志农，１９６０� ��出生的“小字� ��”，文静腼腆� ��看上去比他的实� �年龄还要小。王永 民教授发明五笔字� ��的时候，他尚在� �学里读书。初出茅 庐的小伙子心比天� ��，刚离开北京工� �大学的校门，就把 人生奋斗的目标盯� ��了攻克汉字输入� �世界难题。 投身于攻坚战役，� ��志农不算早，但� �是“迟到者&rdqu o;才有可能站在前� �者的肩膀上，向更 高的险峰继续登攀� �� 当时， 在各种编码方案，& ldquo;新翻杨柳” ，层出不穷。音码� ��形码、音形结合� �编码，各具优势， 又各有不足，争论� ��焦点依然集中在&l dquo;好学的打不快� �打的快的不好学&rd quo;，这一“怪� �”像沉重的石� �，时时压在周志农 的心头。 初涉险地的周志农� �� 不久就“攻占&rd quo; 了几处“山头&rd quo;——他的� ��奖编码连续获得� �奖，但是，他并不 满足于几樽金杯和� ��块奖牌，他在自� �的座右铭上，写上 了“更好还要更 好”的警句。为 了追求这个“更 好”，周志农重 新开始“修炼&rd quo;一种“旷世� �功”。 他走进《说文》向� ��慎老先生请教；� �攻读小篆，同李斯 丞相切磋。他更凭� ��他心爱的电脑，� �汉字庞大家族进行 全面透视。在所有� ��现代汉字编码里� �周志农似乎对早期 问世的一种简化拼� ��更感兴趣。在简� �拼音启迪下，他意 识到古人的另一创� ��能够改造为快速� �入的拼音编码。一 招一式，一拳一脚� ��冬练三九，夏练� �伏。周志农又大胆 地从各门各派的绝� ��里，不断地汲取� �华，终于以“� �然门”的“� ��门人”的身份� ��创立了一门新的&l dquo;码功”。１� ��８８年面世的这� �编码， 如今已在周志农领� ��创办的“超想� ��司”手下，发� ��成为第三代智能� �的新版本—&mdas h;“超想自然码& rdquo;。 自然码师承各家，� ��底虽算不上“� ��宗”，却能一� ��“夺关斩将&rdq uo;，把拼音码的狭� ��关口逐一打通。� �然码能够自如地悬 挂在不同的汉字系� ��上，中文电脑的� �户们说起它的特点 来，如数家珍： 声韵双拼—&mdash ;针对拼音击键次数 多、打不快的问题� ��在周志农的拼音� �案里，无论哪个汉 字，都只击键两下� ��奇数次击键为声� �，偶数次击键为韵 母，其拼音的声母� ��韵母均简化为一� �字母符号，２６个 字母键充当５２个� ��用。 我们用双拼键盘来� ��入“中文电脑& rdquo; 四个字：vs wf dm nk ，只需击键８次，� ��用全拼音码来敲� �为：zhong wei dian nao，次数多一倍。� ��拼编码把汉语拼� �的一些字母作了变 形， 如把声母zh、ch、sh 变成 v、i 、u ，复韵母也相应作� ��简化，略为增加� �记忆负担，但对于 熟悉拼音的人来说� ��并没有造成太大� �不便。 双拼编码的祖宗，� ��早来源于我国古� �的“反切”� ��音法。“反切& rdquo;用两个熟悉的� ��字来为另一个新� �汉字注音， 即把第一字的声母� ��第二字的韵母相� �，作为第三字的字 音。例如，古代字� ��上对“刚” 的注音是“刚， 古郎切”。取&ld quo;古”字的声� � g和“郎”字� ��韵母 ang ， 拼成“刚”� �的字音 gang 。早在魏晋三国时� ��，反切注音就很� �行。我国某些初期 的汉字编码，已经� ��用过这种古老的� �法。ＣＣＤＯＳ汉 字磁盘操作系统的� ��化拼音只用了部� �双拼，周志农把它 接受并加以完善为� ��然码的基础，克� �了拼音码击键次数 多的弊端。 词组输入为主— —解决拼音重码 太多的困难。汉语� ��的单字在语言中� �际使用量约只有五 分之一，其余的都� ��成词组。我们赞� �一个人文章写得好 ，总说他“词汇 丰富”而不说他 “字汇丰富&rdquo ;。某个汉字，本来 有一批同音字，但� ��成词组后，同音� �就为数不多，输入 效率大约是单字的� ��倍。 例如， 想要输入“意&rd quo;字，必须在１０ ０多个同音字里挑� ��，而输入词组&ldqu o;意见”，仅剩� ��两个音完全相同� �词“意见”� ��“一件”。 对于两个字组成的� ��，自然码一般需� �键４次，有的常用 词，则只需敲入两� ��的声母。 更多字组成的词，� ��多也只要击键４� �，比如“计算� �”（jsj ）、中华人民共和� ��（vhrg）等。周志� ��在自然码里装进� �一万五千条词组， 如果还不够用，用� ��还可以在使用过� �中随时“造出&r dquo;特殊的词汇，� �次造好，终身受益 。所谓造词，其实� ��平常打字一样，� �仅多按一次键而已 。 音形结合—&mdash ;加速单字输入。 词组问题解决后， 剩下的五分之一不� ��组词的单个汉字� � 周志农想了一个绝� ��的主意： 用字形来补充不足� ��信息。据有关专� �统计，一个汉字从 字音里可获得６５� ��的信息，另外的� �５％，必须由字形 提供。这样一来，� ��码和形码在周志� �的自然码里有机地 嫁接，它巧妙地吸� ��了五笔字型和表� �码等形码的“� �功”，当遇到� �会读音的汉字，也 能够用简单“拼 形”方法输入。 智能联想—&mdash ;把重码词的干扰也 赶出了中文电脑。� ��才讲到的“意� ��”和“一件 ”，虽然只剩下 几个词，顶多选择� ��次便完事。然而� �周志农仍不放过， 偏要“赶尽杀绝 ”。他在中文电 脑中首创了一种智� ��处理的“绝活& rdquo;。汉语中的词� ��，通常有上下文� �间的关联，“� �服”只能与&ldqu o;一件”相联，� ��“正确”只 能与“意见&rdquo ;搭配。当你从键盘 上输入“正确&rd quo;后，再敲入 yijm 的拼音，自然码将� ��动为你选来“� ��见”而不是&ldq uo;一件”。这正 是人脑的智能，是� ��种用机器模拟的&l dquo;人工智能”� ��自然码也并非天� �就如此聪明，它会 在暗中向你学习。� ��如，“时间&rdq uo;“事件”� �“实践”是� ��组重码词，你第� �次输入“恶性� �件”一词时，� �也许不清楚哪一词 能与“恶性&rdquo ;搭配，但只要你告 诉它一次，第二次� ��输入相同四字词� �自然码就学会了把 “恶性”与&l dquo;事件”相连� ��智能处理是目前� �字编码最高的&ldquo ;码功”，仅自� �码一大“门派&r dquo;达到了这种境� �。 高频先见—&mdash ;最常用的字输入最 快。有２６个汉字� ��分别对应于２６� �键位，只要击键一 次，也叫作简码字� ��约占日常文章的� �０％。 此外，为了消除南� ��人读不准普通话� �疑虑，自然码还真 的为他们“创造 ”了“南方� �音”方式，可� �不区分卷舌不卷舌 ，是边音还是鼻音� ��等。此外，为了� �付多音字，自然码 又处心积虑地为这� ��字开辟了多扇门� �例如，“重&rdqu o;字，无论敲入 vs，还是 is，都可以方便地� �入。此外…&hel lip; 自然码充分利用了� ��字的字音、字形� �字义、字频和智能 联想等各方面知识� ��虽然它的计算机� �件只占用键盘打字 “弹指一挥间&rd quo;的瞬刻，但是它 却完成了一切繁杂� ��任务。 周志农用他的自然� ��，实现了“返� ��归真”的超越� ��自然码重返大自� �，领悟了伟大的祖 先创造汉字的真谛� �� 老作家吴越先生满� ��激情地写道：&ldqu o;我是一个以文字� �业的作家，先后学 习、使用过的汉字� ��入方案不下十几� �。根据我个人的体 会，以拼音为基础� ��所有汉字输入方� �中，自然码是最好 学、最好用、最适� ��非文字录入专业� �员使用的普及型方 案。”对于非专 业打字员，自然码� ��仅好学，而且在� �练后也能“盲� �”。如果输入� �括词组的文稿，有 的人甚至也能达到� ��分钟输入２００� �汉字的水平。 自然码能带来一个� ��众化的中文电脑� �大普及吗？能彻底 实现全体中国人的& ldquo;换笔”梦吗 ？我们还是不能过� ��地下结论。 一些根本不会讲普� ��话的南方人偏爱� �形码就是一个反例 。 一些根本没学过汉� ��拼音的老作家宁� �选择五笔字型就是 另一反例。 汉字编码的攻坚部� ��仍在不同的战线� �趁胜追击，东方的 曙光已经在望了。 ------------------------- ------------------------ 听了众多传的奇故� ��，人们不禁要问� �“码家军”� ��年龄最高的“� ��领”会是谁呢� �� １９９２年９月１� ��日，第二届“� ��峡两岸中文电脑� �入技术表演赛&rdquo ;在北京降下帏幕。 ６３名选手两天来� ��烈的角逐爆出了� �门：来自大陆的两 名学生，使用同一� ��汉字编码，分别� �简体和繁体两种&ld quo;离散文本”� �区里同时夺魁。其 中，参加繁体汉字� ��入项目的小选手� �使大陆的汉字输入 速度第一次领先于� ��湾，并创造了该� �目历史最高纪录。 小选手们眼含幸福� ��泪水站在领奖台� �，各自接过一台作 为奖品的３８６微� ��，他们的心里，� �定想着那位白发苍 苍的老爷爷，那位� ��助他们力挫群雄� �编码发明人。 白发皓首的老人，� ��张其浚老教授吗� �张老先生在１９８ ２年中文信息学会� ��立时已是８３岁� �龄，在“码家� �”里是数一数� �的“老黄忠&rdqu o;。这位云南大学� �教授，毕生从事高 能物理研究，却&ldq uo;不务正业”， 只身创进汉字编码� ��“蜀道”， 明知艰险无所惧，� ��满着乐观的诙谐� �他曾讲过一句名言 ：“高能的人， 搞高能物理；低能� ��人，搞低能物理� �我是无能的人，我 就搞这个无能的物� ��”。张老搞出� ��编码，是最早的� �批形码”方案� �一 。可惜，张老并没� ��来得及看到他的� �码造福于人类，就 过早地离我们而去� �� 依然健在的这位白� ��人，其时业已八� �有七。他是大陆外 语学界的泰山北斗� ��自本世纪五十年� �起，他主编的《英 汉大字典》，曾抚� ��过几代莘莘学子� �他是王永民步入汉 字编码的启蒙者和� ��师，也是我国字� �编码理论的奠基人 。想想看，大家一� ��在介绍五笔字型� �码的文章里面看到 过这位老者的名字& hellip;… 郑易里老教授，通� ��英日俄三国语言� �对汉语汉字的研究 更是炉火纯青。他� ��“字根编码法& rdquo;的深邃理论，� ��手扶持王永民登� �了成功的殿堂，同 时也在实践的土地� ��辛勤地劳作。作� �学术界的权威，&ld quo;登泰山而小齐鲁 ”，他追求的是 更科学与更系统，� ��望研制出更好的� �形编码，亲自验证 自己的理论学说。� ��种编码，不仅能� �速输入，而且符合 国家文字规范，与� ��小学的语文教学� �互接轨。 “郑码”研� �的起步的时间已显 得较晚，郑老自己� ��感到力不从心。� �量的实际工程由他 的女儿接手，两代� ��带领着一批研究� �员夜以继日地奋战 ，直到１９９０年� ��通过了权威的鉴� �。语言学大师亲自 发明的编码超群拔� ��，郑码的汉字库� �共收入了繁简体汉 字达６万余，有效� ��支持着我国古籍� �整理和研究。仅此 一点，郑码就已经� ��得一项“中国� ��码之最”。 “老骥伏枥，志 在千里”。后起 的郑码终于在这场� ��验实力的比赛里� �一举夺得两项冠军 和两项亚军，郑易� ��教授令夕阳增辉� �他又奋力登上了一 座新的高峰。 由于我们掌握的情� ��有限，“码家� ��”中年龄最大� ��编码专家或许另� �其人。 著名科学家钱伟长� ��授发明过“宏� ��字形码”，香� ��著名学者安子介� �生创造了“安� �笔形输入法”� �他们都已过耄耋之 年…… 于是，我们只好来� ��年龄最小的编码� �明者，“码家� �”里“娃娃� ��”的故事。 ------------------------- ----------------------- 在我们电脑的资料� ��里，仍然储存着� �９９０年报刊杂志 关于这个女孩的报� ��。 １９９０年７月１� ��日，新华社发出� �一则举世嘱目的消 息：加拿大的著名� ��等学府，向中国� �海的一位初中三年 级的学生杜冰婵发� ��邀请，请她以访� �学者的身份前往讲 学，介绍她发明的� ��种简便易用的汉� �编码。紧接着，海 内外几百家新闻媒� ��竞相渲染，醒目� �标题都是—&mdas h;１５岁的少女与� �的“汉字全息� �”。１５岁的� �孩名列于上海当年 “十大科技新闻 ”人物的榜首。 然而，１９９３年� ��报纸却遗憾地发� �消息：中国专利局 以不符合新颖性、� ��造性、实用性等� �求驳回了“汉� �全息码”的发� �专利申请。 从那些报刊资料中� ��我们又重新查阅� �“汉字全息码&r dquo;的发明思路。 出生在辞书编辑世� ��的小女孩，花了� �年时间，用她想出 的“笔顺原则&rd quo;，把几万个汉字 筛选、浓缩到１０� ��个部首表内。她� �掉了整整三麻袋草 稿纸，堆起来比她� ��个子还高。每天� �学作完作业，都把 自己关在小房间里� ��一张张卡片铺满� �床和桌子…&hel lip; 小女孩发明的这种& ldquo;全息码”， 看上去很像音码，� ��００个部首按音� �类，每个汉字的第 一代码是该部首的� ��一个拼音字母；� �它又像是笔画码， 后三个代码是该汉� ��的第一、二笔和� �后一笔的读音字母 。例如，“目&rd quo;字，读音为 MU ，第一码就是 M ；它的第一、二笔� ��分别是“直&rdq uo;（ZI）和“弯& rdquo;（WAM ），最末笔为“ 横”（HENG）。 组合起来，“目 ”字的全息码就 是 MZWH 。 听起来好像是有一� ��“全息”的 意思，既包含字音� ��又包含部首和笔� �。但是，我们毕竟 不是专家，可能这� ��方法别人早已率� �采用。 凭心而论，年方及� ��的女孩能够对汉� �做出这种归类已属 不易，我们并不想� ��成败论英雄。不� �，关于汉字全息码 的争论一波三折，� ��９９４年的报纸� �传来消息：上海两 家单位状告小女孩� ��犯了他们的发明� �益，原被告在法庭 上已相持三年，本� ��开庭审理仍无结� �，诉讼还在继续&he llip;… 于是，我们又只得� ��向由此而起的另� �“全息码”� ��故事。 江苏某监狱关押着� ��名等待处决的死� �犯。１９９２年才 ２７岁，却利用工� ��之便，侵吞国家� �额财产达百余万元 ，被人民法院以&ldq uo;贪污罪”依法 判处了极刑。 死神不久就要降临� ��。他带着痛苦的� �情龟缩在牢房的墙 角， 眼登登地望着天花� ��出神。 他，一个普通的农� ��子弟，全家人节� �缩食供他上学，把 唯一的希望寄托在� ��的身上；是人民� �他培养成中专生， 又当上了国家干部� ��可是，他竟然经� �起金钱的诱惑，悔 恨交夹却为时太晚� ��上诉的请求恐怕� �不会有什么更好的 结果。 管教干部的喊声打� ��了他的思路。他� �从地跟着其他人犯 ，转移到另一间牢� ��。正巧他的床铺� �，散放着从前的犯 人留下的几本杂志� ��他顺手拾起一本� �下意识地翻到一页 ，漫不经意地看了� ��行，不觉被文章� �深打动。 这是一则非常简略� ��报道，说的就是� �海那位女学生和她 的全息码。年轻的� ��刑犯麻木的心开� �有了一点躁动。他 想，反正离上诉的� ��后判决期还有几� �月，何不找点事来 打发余生，也许，� ��可以为社会做些� �益的事。在这种奇 异的境况下，他萌� ��了自己也来发明� �字编码的奇怪念头 。 更奇怪的是，监牢� ��管教干部居然全� �支持他的想法，为 这个死囚找来了参� ��书籍。从此后，� �抓紧生命最后的日 子，尝试着开始了� ��苦的探索。 最后的日子是需要� ��天天扳着指头掐� �的。死刑犯从来没 有接触过什么电脑� ��对编码也是完全� �门外汉。但是，也 许正因为如此，他� ��思的编码，只想� �要突出简单、易学 和实用，这种编码� ��该像家用电器那� �容易被普通人掌握 。他把自己的编码� ��也命名为“全� ��中文码”，至� ��是否与上海女孩� �全息码相似，我们 就不得而知了。 法律一共给了他６� ��月的时间。６个� �后，江苏省高级人 民法院做出驳回上� ��、维持原判的决� �。死刑犯交出了写 满１００多页稿纸� ��全息中文码，交� �了借阅的图书，作 好走向刑场的准备� �� 死刑犯做梦也没有� ��到，他的全息码� �他的人生带来了戏 剧般的变化。最高� ��民法院接到看守� �呈交的全息编码后 ，立即指示下属法� ��派员核实情况。� �息中文码也得以转 到全国中文信息学� ��，专家们为死刑� �发明的编码进行了 评审。结果出人意� ��，这种编码被认� �为有创新，具有易 学易用的优势。 １９９４年年初，� ��刑犯用颤抖的双� �，接过最高人民法 院的又一张判决书� ��鉴于他在归案后� �悔改表现，所写的 全息中文码具有发� ��价值，故改判死� �缓期两年执行。省 高级法院并建议劳� ��部门为他提供一� �条件，使他能够继 续全息码的研究。 死刑犯泪流满面，� ��不成声，法律又� �他铺垫了一条重获 新生的道路…&h ellip; ------------------------- ------------------------- - 编码大千世界，各� ��人等，真是无奇� �有。 死刑犯新生的故事� ��只是其中一个小� �曲。“码林&rdqu o;中人，更多的是� �华民族的优秀儿女 。有的人才，身怀� ��技，对民族传统� �化瑰宝《易经》的 研究造诣精湛，试� ��从《易经》里寻� �汉字编码的源头。 戴顺天先生就是这� ��的奇人。 戴顺天，不知何许� ��也， 报刊杂志也多“ 密而不宣”，只 说他历经九年艰辛� ��《易经》的太极� �中悟出了新的编码 。顺天电脑公司为� ��播顺天先生“� ��极码”，大言� ��惭地道出了两句&l dquo;谶语”： ——传八万� �全球信息太极一码 足矣，继五千年华� ��文明阴阳两笔书� �。 太极图是《周易》� ��精髓，两条交欢� �阴阳鱼，隐喻着太 极生两仪；两仪之� ��又分别各生一阴� �阳，即两仪生四象 ；四象之上若再分� ��各生一阴一阳，� �成为八卦图。戴先 生发明的太极码， 正是遵循这种阴阳� ��长的思想， 破天荒地把汉字的� ��本笔画仅分为直� �（阳）和折画（阴 ）两类，因此又叫& ldquo;两笔字型” 。它不计汉字笔画� ��长短、方向，只� �曲折，既揭示了汉 字笔画最深刻的本� ��特点，也便于人� �学习拆分汉字。 太极码的键盘最能� ��现戴先生对易学� �悟禅。 它把键盘从正中垂� ��一分为二，左为� �，右为阴，左手专 打直画，右手专打� ��画，正所谓“� ��极生两仪”，� ��成左右太极图式� �左右太极键盘又按 水平方向一分为二� ��上部是笔画不相� �的阳区，下部为笔 画相交的阴区，比� ��“两仪生四象& rdquo;，形成上下太� ��图式。上下左右� �各具特征。最底部 的一排键位，依次� ��列着日月金木水� �土，阴阳五行。在 键盘的正中，安排� ��象征阴阳鱼眼的� �囗键。西文字母键 盘，被改造成了一� ��相当完整的“� ��极图”，堪称� ��为中用的楷模。 太极码虽然按阴阳� ��笔分类汉字，但� �也必须把汉字拆成 “字元”，� �是一种按字形编码 的方案。许多评价� ��章赞扬它首次成� �地解决了汉字输入 高效性与简易性的� ��盾，说它适合与� �种年龄、职业和文 化程度的专业或非� ��业人员使用。 作为“码家军&rd quo;中的新秀，太极 是否就此一码足矣� ��尚需时间和实践� �检验。不过，从西 汉许慎在《说文解� ��》里把汉字分为� �４０部首起，直到 王永民的五笔字型� ��它浓缩为１３０� �字根和五种基本笔 画为止，两千年来� ��亦只有奇人戴顺� �做出了阴阳两笔的 总结。返朴归真，� ��于太极，这与和� �归“自然”� ��传递“全息&rdq uo;有异曲同工之妙� �� 国内报刊对“码 家军”披露的传 奇，主要集中在形� ��的各路高手。音� �的竞技场，也并非 周志农的自然码一� ��独秀，吴越先生� �解的“声数码&r dquo;就是另一“� ��速”的编码。� ��由于笔者的孤陋� �闻，只得痛失了向 读者讲述其他音码� ��明家传奇故事的� �会。 就笔者所知，现在� ��行极广的一种音� �——“双 拼双音编码”， 很多人都不清楚它� ��渊源。它的发明� �刘卫民先生可是&ld quo;正宗”的电� �电脑专家，６０年 代毕业于清华大学� ��研究生，他研究� �功的微波管，曾在 国防尖端武器的试� ��研究中发挥巨大� �用。人们偏爱刘氏 “双拼” ，更爱其“双音 ”。别的编码都 只有用单字联想词� ��的功能，刘卫民� �“双音”反� ��道而行之，独创� �以词组联想单字的 所谓“反联想&rd quo;方法。 我们知道，采用拼� ��输入，输入词组� �单字反而更快，因 为词组有效地降低� ��重码。但有的时� �，也要遇到只输入 某一个字的情况。� ��此，自然码是用� �字的字形信息加以 补充，刘卫民却不� ��落入形码的“� ��套”。刘先生� ��俗地解释他的&ldqu o;反联想”，说� ��是中国人说话时� �用的办法。比如， 你要我输入“ji& rdquo;字，我不知道� ��“机”还是 “鸡”。你� �么告诉我呢？你会 告诉我，是“机 器”的机，不是 “鸡蛋”的&l dquo;鸡”。那么� ��我只要打入“� ��器”一词的双� ��，就输入了该词� �前一个单字。此举 看似平常，却于平� ��之处显出玄机，� �就是刘卫民先生的 功底。 中国的“码家军 ”还在继续拼搏 ，汉字编码仍在不� ��地锦上添花，在� �手林立的编码&ldquo ;码林”，倚天� �龙，华山论剑，争 当“码林盟主&rd quo;者依然是大有人 在。据悉，国家教� ��为了全国中小学� �字编码教学需要， １９９２年６月设� ��“八五”科 技专项课题，组织� ��多专家学者协同� �关，所研制的编码 名曰“认知码&rd quo;，受到了老师和 学生们的普遍欢迎� �� ------------------------- ------------------------- 中国的汉字编码，� ��一个编码都能演� �出一篇精彩的传奇 。 中国的汉字编码，& ldquo;如此多娇，引� ��数英雄竞折腰&rdqu o;。 ７００多种编码，� ��花园中，五彩缤� �，音码形码，竞相 开放，让“换笔 ”的中国人看迷 了双眼， 感到无所适从。究� ��哪朵花是“国� ��天香”？哪朵� ��才“倾国倾城& rdquo;？现在，到了� ��该总结的时候。 马俊仁的“马家 军”只有在赛场 上，方显出英雄本� ��。汉字编码的&ldqu o;码家军”，也� ��历经多次“擂� ��”比武，你争� ��夺，不断刷新汉� �输入的世界纪录。 这里仅把散见在报� ��杂志中的若干赛� �的部分冠军成绩， 集中列于下表里。� ��赛项目分“连� ��文本”和“ 离散文本”汉字 输入。连续文本指� ��是输入整篇的文� �，其中含有词组； 离散文本则是一些� ��乱排列的互无联� �的单字，不能有词 组。 ●1989年 东方电脑杯赛 171.8字／分 (连续文本) 50.9字／分(离散文本) ●1990年 全国汉字录入公开� �� 148.2 字／分 (连续文本) 83.8字／分(离散文本) ●1990年 首届海峡两岸表演� �� 203.3 字／分 (连续文本) 147.8字／分(离散文本) ●1992年 全国排版录入公开� �� 184.5 字／分 (连续文本) 112.0字／分(离散文本) ●1992年 第二届海峡两岸表� ��赛 259.7 字／分 (连续文本) 144.8字／分(离散文本) 根据各场比赛创纪� ��者使用的编码分� �，我们得出一种印 象：仅就输入速度� ��，前期多是形码� �魁，后期则是形码 、音码平分秋色；� ��含词组的单字输� �，形码尽占天时地 利，含有词组的连� ��文本，音码就要� �先一步。音形之争 似乎打了一个平手� �� 上表列出的“第 二届海峡两岸中文� ��脑输入技术表演� �”的成绩, 仅仅是专业组简体� ��输入项目。不可� �议的是，这两项冠 军（连续文本和离� ��文本）均由山东� �手刘爱萍一人独得 。她在专业组繁体� ��连续文本项目中� �获得另一项冠军。 其中，简体字连续� ��本每分钟２５９� �７字的速度，是历 届全国比赛的最高� ��录，完全能与&ldqu o;马家军”王军� ��创造的长跑成绩� �媲美。她所用的输 入编码正是唐懋宽� ��“声数码” ，该项目的亚军也� ��同一编码，第三� �才为五笔字型所得 。刘爱萍的输入速� ��，比第三名要高� �６９字／分，这个 差距令人吃惊。它� ��明，音码在连续� �本的汉字输入里， 已经显示出绝对的� ��势。 有位早已“换笔 ”的作家站出来 发表“高见&rdquo ;：“你们搞的� �种比赛，选手们都 是专业打字员，打� ��时无需动脑子。� �辈进行写作，卡脖 子的不是电脑而是� ��脑，是人的思维� �度跟不上手指。哪 怕每天只打２千字� ��一年下来就是７� �万，这样的高产作 家国内并不多见。& rdquo;言下之意，若� ��讲速度，无论音� �、形码都能满足非 专业打字员的要求� �� 有人又把汉字输入� ��成“三打” ，以便各人对号入� ��： ——“看� ��”，专业操作� ��眼看文稿，手打� �盘，头脑不想文章 的内容。 ——“听� ��”，文秘人员� ��听长官口述，手� �键盘，直接成文。 ——“想� ��”，一边思考� ��一边打字，不要� �子，直接写作。 对号入座的结果，� ��通中国人“换� ��”写汉字，当� ��属于“想打&rdq uo;一类。 关于“想打&rdquo ;，自然码大师周志 农诚恳地劝告我们� ��： 中国说“看报&rd quo;而外国人说&ldquo ;读报”，我们� �该承认看比读快。 用拼形码输入，要� ��上“拆部件&rdq uo;和“反应部件 键位”两个过程 ，如果自己输人自� ��的文章，还要再� �上一个多余的&ldquo ;书写”（至少� �脑中的）过程，而 拼音码仅需要一个& ldquo;反应键位” 。 我们在脑中构思文� ��的确用的是字音� �不是字形，周志农 先生的劝告很有价� ��。 五笔字型大师王永� ��很不以为然，他� �认真地向我们指出 ： 中国人从小学写汉� ��，想写“李&rdq uo;，顺手就把“ 木”和“子&r dquo;搬过来“拼& rdquo;在一起。拼形� ��“按键”的 过程，就与“写 字”的过程完全 一致。相反，如果� ��使你把写“木& rdquo;和“子&rdquo ;的动作，换成依&ld quo;木”与“� ��”的读音来按� ��的动作，先想ｍ� �想ｚ，那倒是非影 响形象思维不可。 我们平常写字按部� ��顺序分解，确也� �惯成自然，王永民 先生的说法也很有� ��理。 在“码家军&rdquo ;传奇的最后，我们 从汉字输入比赛写� ��了音码与形码之� �。 音码乎？形码乎？� ��音码中的自然码� �双拼码、声数码、 未来码？还是形码� ��的王码、郑码、� �形码、太极码？最 好的编码究竟是什� ��？ 著名科学家钱伟长� ��授早在１９８６� �时曾经指出：&ldquo ;好的编码方案还没 有出来，好的编码� ��案应该是一种文� �，或者是准文字&rd quo;。 能够以中国电脑文� ��身份出现的编码� �恐怕至今仍然没有 成熟，各种编码的� ��家争鸣，虽然打� �了汉字输入的&ldquo ;蜀道”，但目� �还只能各领风骚， 各显神通。 不过，我们翘首期� ��着中国汉字编码� �“书同文”� ��期待着中国的&ldqu o;码家军”像&ldq uo;秦王扫六合” 那般，早日托起中� ��统一的电脑文字� �

趟元首的全球巡礼� ��一场美国国家级� �议，都与一份报告 有关。

南韩总统卢武铉率� ��七十名重量级政� �人士展开「BRICs外� ��」，一年之内造� �中、俄、印、巴四 国，强化双边贸易� ��争取天然资源。� �不单突破了印、韩 两国首长八年来互� ��拜访的状态，更� �俄罗斯提出「企业 就是国家」论。

今年一月三十一日� ��美国中央情报局� �下，美国国家情报 委员会发布五年一� ��的重大报告即指� �，「印度与中国的 兴起，将让二十世� ��打开的美国世纪� �在本世纪的二○二 ○年前，就进入亚� ��时代。」

不只上述两件事，� ��年全球有许多重� �的部署，都发生在 高盛证券经济研究� ��门的(九十九号报� ��)发布后。

这是一份重绘全世� ��经济地图的报告� �

震撼：贫民窟变身� ��砖国

故事是这样开端的� ��二○○三年第一� �，全球股汇市陷入 愁云惨雾。美国与� ��拉克正式开打，� �洲受到ＳＡＲＳ(� �重急性呼吸道症候 群)疫情冲击，全球 投资人笼罩在美国� ��济二次衰退的恐� �里。而国际货币基 金(ＩＭＦ)又预测� �人口老化的问题， 将在五至十年后拖� ��全球经济成长率� �

长短期利空弥漫，� ��家掌握数百亿美� �资金的著名退休型 基金经理人，不禁� ��虑的向美商高盛� �券研究团队询问， 「发达国家面临人� ��老化问题，你们� �不能分析一下未来 的发展，以及未来� ��资的冲击和影响� �估报告？」

过去高盛的报告重� ��，多数时候都是� �论未来三个月、六 个月的经济变化，� ��不常做长期的经� �评估报告。但是， 高盛两位资深经济� ��析师多明尼克(Domi nic Wilson)，和露帕(Roopa Purushothaman)企图心� �盛，在研究团队的 支持下，他们着手� ��建起模型推估各� �经济成长曲线。

「当时先用人口老� ��的已开发市场数� �分析，结果并不特 别。所以我们决定� ��与其谈人口老化� �地区；不如反过来 谈人口年轻的大型� ��兴经济体，长期� �对全球造成什么样 的影响？」露帕回� ��。

一个逆向思考，意� ��地导出一份震撼� �球的报告。

二○○三年十月一� ��，一份编号第九� �九的高盛全球经济 报告，随着网络，� ��送欧、亚、美洲� �国机构法人的电子 邮箱里，这是高盛� ��起最大回响的报� �。报告中指出「金 砖四国」──巴西� ��俄国、印度和中� �经济崛起。他们合 组Brazil、Russia、Indi a和China四国的起首� ��母，称之为BRICs(� �音类似英文的砖块 brick)，预测他们将� ��步替换全球前六� �经济体的地位。

这分报告震撼市场� ��因为许多人对这� �国的印象，还停留 在贫民窟与叫化子� ��代名词。

根据世界银行二○� ��四年世界发展指� �的统计，在印度每 日生活费不足一美� ��的人口比率超过� �分之一，约有三亿 六千万印度人活在� ��穷线下，是全世� �最多。如果这些印 度穷人组成一个国� ��的话，这个国家� �是全球第三大国， 只比中国和印度小� ��

巴西的情况也类似� ��虽然天然资源丰� �，却有一百万人住 在贫民窟，使得这� ��家的贫富差距排� �全球第八。

俄罗斯的情况也好� ��到哪里，根据世� �银行统计，俄罗斯 二○○三年的国民� ��得，比非洲小国� �蓬、中美洲的牙买 加都低。

中国更是文盲充斥� ��根据联合国二○� �四年统计，纳入识 字率、每人ＧＤＰ( 国内生产毛额)、教 育和入学率等指针� ��人类发展指数排� �中，中国排行全球 第九十四，比亚塞� ��然、突尼西亚等� �家都差。

变局：截然不同的� ��世界

但，当运用最新的� ��口统计预测、资� �累积和生产力模型 后，得出一个截然� ��同的新世界样貌� �

根据这份(与金砖四 国共同梦想：二○� ��○之路)报告，金� ��四国是一条通往� �十六倍成长的未来 进行式。当前，这� ��国国内生产毛额� �还不及主导全球经 济的六大工业国（� ��、日、英、法、� �、义）的一五％， 但假设金砖四国都� ��持有利经济成长� �政策和制度，「未 来五十年，金砖四� ��的ＧＤＰ将超越� �大工业国；股市成 长倍数将达六十六� ��。」

其中，中国在未来� ��年超过德国，在� �一年后超过日本， 在二○四一年将替� ��美国，成为世界� �一大经济体。

印度也将会超过日� ��，成为第三大经� �体。未来三十年至 五十年，印度将是� ��球经济成长率最� �国家。

未来，巴西的平均� ��济成长率为三&midd ot;六％，而且将陆� ��超过义大利、英� �和法国，成为全球 第五大经济体。

俄罗斯则将在二○� ��八年超过德国，� �为欧洲第一大经济 体。

届时，这群世界最� ��的经济体，不见� �是最富有（国民所 得最高）的国家，� ��将让跨国企业的� �展决策，变得更加 复杂。报告一出，� ��惊全球，回应风� �云涌。

去年，七大工业国( Ｇ７)高峰会，义大 利总理贝鲁斯柯尼( Silvio Berlusconi)公开表示� �「我们在这里讨论 世界经济，却没中� ��和印度参加，是� �有意义的。」全球 七大经济巨人张开� ��膀。于是，今年� �月初，在伦敦举办 的七大工业国财经� ��长会议，金砖四� �财政部长同时获邀 出席。印度财政部� ��奇丹会后表示：� �我想Ｇ７终于体会 到在它们之外，还� ��一些经济体可能� �未来十到二十年间 ，发展成全球经济� ��权。」

高盛报举报表前后� ��过十七个月，却� �七大工业国清楚意 识到，自己很快就� ��再握有全球财经� �策的主控权。而跨 国企业更开端将这� ��报告行为资源配� �、全球布局时的重 要参考。根据朝日� ��闻的报导，丰田� �车已将积极崛起的 金砖四国，行为全� ��扩张的重点。他� �预计到二○一○年 时，将把这四国的� ��量扩大到二○○� �年的十倍。

丰田，只是例子之� ��。当跨国企业展� �全球棋盘上的新部 署时，大幅裁员与� ��码征人的故事，� �会在不同国家上演 。

根据这份报告，下� ��个五十年，新六� �经济体的面孔将变 成：中国、美国、� ��度、日本、巴西� �俄国。现有的六大 工业国里，只剩美� ��与日本，能与金� �四国相提并论。

同时，就算把五十� ��后的英国、德国� �法国、义大利四国 当成一个国家，经� ��产值加总起来，� �高也只能排到第四 名，仍落在中国、� ��国和印度之后。

高盛报告中指出，� ��世界经济的风貌� �在过去五十年里剧 烈改变。下一个五� ��年，变动的幅度� �一样戏剧化。」「 中国崛起的故事已� ��人们所熟知，但� �们怀疑，印度和其 他国家的潜质，以� ��发达国家的老年� �和发展中国家经济 增长之间的相互影� ��，还不为人们所� �识。」

继二○○三年的第� ��份报告后，次年� �盛集团又提出第二 份金砖四国报告。� ��年底出刊的美国� �商业周刊》以「你 必须拥有的四个国� ��」为题指出，十� �世纪工业革命、十 九世纪工业现代化� ��潮、二十世纪低� �本的运算及通讯、 科技等三大世纪趋� ��出现后，人类近� �史上，影响层面最 深的最新趋势，就� ��金砖四国的兴起� �因此，《商业周刊 》特别获取高盛的� ��意，浓缩集成两� �报告，并将摘要整 理如下：

变貌一：全球资本� ��场变脸

现在金砖四国占全� ��股市市值的比重� �三·五％，十� ��年内应可达到一� �％；但若四国企业 积极上市筹资，更� ��提升到一六％。

至于四国的股市市� ��，则可望在十年� �翻四倍达到四兆美 元，其中六成将来� ��于中国与印度。� �二○五○年，中国 股市市值可望与美� ��并驾齐驱，互争� �头地位，各占全球 股市约二四％市值� ��印度市场可占近� �六％；金砖四国加 总可占全球市值达� ��七％之高。

变貌二：汇率大幅� ��值

金砖四国货币的实� ��汇率，将在未来� �十年内，分别升值 一二九％到二八九� ��。其中，人民币� �率若不受政策影响 ，将在十年内升值� ��倍。如果时间放� �，到二○五○年， 巴西货币可望升值� ��二九％、俄国可� �升值二○八％，而 印度与中国货币将� ��值近三○○％，� �别达到二八一％与 二八九％。

金砖四国经济成长� ��的三分之二推力� �来自于实质经济增 长，另外的三分之� ��来自货币升值。� �要的原因，在于经 济高速成长将增加� ��本需求，并提高� �酬率。因此金砖四 国在各种投资组合� ��的比重可能会增� �，资本的流动因此 可能会对这些国家� ��利，加速货币价� �重新估价。

变貌三：推升全球� ��济成长率

金砖四国的经济高� ��成长，将抵消发� �国家人口老化和经 济成长趋缓的问题� ��推动全球ＧＤＰ� �长率高于四％，让 未来十年的ＧＤＰ� ��长率，能维持过� �二十年的均值(三&m iddot;七％)。

到二○○九年时，� ��砖四国以美元计� �的每年新建支出额 度，将达当前的两� ��，并超越六大工� �国。到二○二五年 ，金砖四国每年增� ��的支出将是六大� �业国的两倍；到二 ○五○年时更将达� ��四倍。

变貌四：能源市场� ��求激增

四国经济的兴起，� ��经先行反映在必� �物资如能源市场上 ；下一步应该反映� ��消费市场上，并� �二十年后，反映在 资本市场。

随着大陆、印度经� ��起飞，当前全球� �油、能源市场需求 的年增率，已经由� ��九九○年的一％� �二％水准，在近年 扬升到四％到六％� ��

未来十五年内，金� ��四国兴起将不断� �升市场购买需求， 让能源需求的年增� ��维持在远高于二� �的水准，这代表能 源的涨价压力将持� ��。

其间，中国的高额� ��求将持续不减，� �在五年内，会由现 在的八％倍增到一� ��％以上，然后在� �十五年后，达到需 求高峰的一六· ;五％，再稳定地下 降。届时，印度对� ��球能源市场的购� �需求增长率，将达 到现在的两倍。二� ��年后，巴西及俄� �的石油消费数量将 接近甚至超过日本� ��达到现在的两倍� �

变貌五：新消费群� ��生

金砖四国的中产阶� ��人数(收入超越三� ��美元者)，将在三� ��内翻番；十年内� �会有八亿人跨进中 产阶级，远超过美� ��、西欧和日本加� �的中产阶级的人数 。

中产阶级增加的速� ��，中国未来十年� �可以变为十倍，印 度可以增加十四倍� ��俄罗斯与巴西则� �翻番多。二十年后 ；四国共会有两亿� ��、年收入在一万� �千美元以上的中产 阶级，现在这样的� ��入人数还只是少� �。

到时侯，六大工业� ��的国民平均收入� �达三万五千美元， 金砖四国里，只有� ��千四百万人能达� �这种收入。即使是 四十五年后的最大� ��济体──中国的� �人平均收入，只能 达到当前发达国家� ��水准(大约三万美� ��)。

变貌六：耐久财市� ��需求暴增

国民所得开端提高� ��当地民众消费习� �的改变，都意味着 这些国家可能在不� ��时点，变成不同� �品的最佳销售市场 。当所得收入达到� ��一门槛时，对耐� �财的需求将突然出 现。

在汽车市场里，这� ��关键门槛是三千� �元的收入水准，中 国已经开端踏入这� ��门槛。预料在未� �十年里，中国的汽 车车主数会达到现� ��的三倍。二十年� �，中国会替换美国 ，成为全球最大的� ��车消费市场。

印度汽车市场爆发� ��，会比中国还要� �约十年至十五年， 但是，预料未来十� ��里，印度的车主� �数也将成长三倍。 三十五年内，印度� ��超越美国汽车市� �规模。俄国当前的 车主人数已经不少� ��十年内将成长两� �，与日本规模相当 。

这份报告，虽然不� ��改变东亚地图的� �海啸，但它缓缓而 来，一个截然不同� ��世界，因此形成� �

其影响层面，从全� ��经济板块的挪动� �国家势力消长、企 业的新部署、穷人� ��富人的重新洗牌� �乃至于个人失业的 降临，与扒分机会� ��新契机。从国家� �袖、跨国企业运行 长，到升斗小民，� ��来这四十五年，� �有人能自外于这场 世界性的变貌。

变局，是机会，也� ��危机。

全球经济面貌，每� ��十年就更改一次� �美国经济，在十九 世纪晚期崛起；五� ��年前，日本和西� �由战后重建；近二 十年则有东亚国家� ��兴起。下一波变� �，将是金砖四国替 换现代工业国；全� ��经济重心，也将� �欧美位移至亚洲。

所有企业丰收的获� ��，都是过去数十� �连串决策的甜美果 实；个人未来的生� ��规画，也该是顺� �而行。

当全球资本家的注� ��焦点已经开端转� �，就像多明尼克和 露帕在第一份金砖� ��国报告的最后结� �，「你，准备好了 吗？」

*

高盛报告研究方法

高盛报告的经济模� ��，在计算各国经� �成长时，系利用劳 动力成长、资本存� ��，以及技术成长� �项指针，去推估Ｇ ＤＰ（国内生产毛� ��）的成长率。

其中，高盛以美国� ��查局的官方人口� �测数据，得到各国 十五岁至六十岁劳� ��人口比率，套入� �动力成长率。并以 各国历史数据，得� ��四国投资额占Ｇ� �Ｐ比重，再以世界 银行适用的四％资� ��折旧率为算式的� �项，推估出资本增 长率。

在技术成长的部分� ��先假设美国的长� �技术水准成长率为 一·三三％，� �新兴国家的技术成 长，被定义为「追� ��美国的技术水准� �，追赶的速度随着 新兴国家与发达国� ��间的国民所得差� �缩小而减缓。

整个模型推算退出� ��，他们详细行出� �砖四国自二○○○ 年到二○五○年止� ��各国ＧＤＰ总额� �人均ＧＤＰ和货币 汇率的逐年变动预� ��数据。

展开这四串逐年剧� ��的数据，与现今� �大工业国的未来数 据相比较时，所得� ��的结果。 （文●沈耀华）

*

被经济三强环绕的� ��湾，应亟思参与� �道

专访「金砖四国」� ��告撰述分析师 露帕

高盛「金砖四国」� ��告主写人之一的� �球经济分析师露帕 (Roopa Purushothaman)，三月� �八日将与高盛亚太 区董事总经理暨亚� ��经济研究主管金培(Sun Bae Kim)应《商业周刊》 之邀，来台参加「B RICs金砖四国──挑 战下一个经济盛世� ��世纪趋势论坛。

在此之前，她特别� ��对报告属性，接� �《商业周刊》越洋 专访：

商业周刊问（以下� ��称问）：如果用� �砖四国(BRICs)站上� �际舞台的时点和期 间，来表达四国在� ��际经济舞台的表� �。四国出场的顺序 会是如何？

露帕答（以下简称� ��）：若以成长率� �排序的话，中国会 是未来五年的主人� ��，印度在那之后� �场。巴西和俄国的 经济成长率大约在� ��·五％，所以 戏分不会像是中、� ��那么强。

但是如果以国民所� ��来看的话，俄国� �四国里唯一能达到 六大工业国民的水� ��。

大家虽然不把俄国� ��做一个重要的消� �市场，但俄国在这 个取向上，其实有� ��个舞台。当然他� �就成长率来看，不 会是齐头式的强，� ��似乎巴西是在多� �比较里，都落在中 间的。

问：金砖四国的兴� ��，这对台湾的影� �该是什么？

答：哦，我觉得最� ��趣的一点是，到� �○五○年，全球最 大的四个经济体里� ��，有三个都在亚� �(指中国、印度与� �本)。

对于亚洲区域内的� ��易伙伴来说，亚� �区变得这么重要时 ，像台湾这样的经� ��体，要怎么去参� �这些未来最大的需 求产生国、最大的� ��济体的成长，会� �很重要的一件事。 (采访整理●沈耀华 )

注意：
1 本文撰写立场主观� ��评价有失公允。� �家看过就好不必较 真。 
2 为了使各位能够不� ��本机编码与字体� �限制看清楚所列文 字，在此以大号文� ��贴图。但浏览此� �仍需要Unicode编码� �
3 参考资料：维基百� ��，如果有什么辨� �上的失误（名称不 对）之类与我无关� ��翻墙找他去。

---

　　会来写这篇文� ��，是因为我在去� �高二年做的课外研 究项目就是“世 界的文字”。文 字和语言既有大同� ��有小异：语言产� �时可以不需要文字 来记录，而文字的� ��生绝对是为了记� �语言。也因为文字的产生，� ��过去的文明得以� �续，人类开始进入 “文明时期&rdquo ;（摘自高中历史课� ��）。
　　因此文字的相� ��独立，也是文化� �对独立的标志；文 化能独立，说明这� ��民族的强盛。
　　举几个例子：� ��蒙古独立后不久� �弃了老祖宗的蒙古 文字，使用了俄国� ��基里尔字母；古� �及被阿拉伯帝国所 灭，至今埃及仍使� ��阿拉伯文字；越� �先是模仿中国汉字 搞“喃字”� �后来随着法国用拉 丁字母；西班牙葡� ��牙早期到处殖民� �在南美留下一堆拉 丁语国家；还有不� ��心当受的高丽棒� �，急急忙忙把汉字 去掉实现韩古尔化& hellip;…
　　但是那些南亚� ��独立文字倒是挺� �，不见他们的民族 有多强盛Orz。

　　要了解世界上� ��形怪状的文字之� �，让我们先看看世 界上常见的几种语� ��文字（以Google翻� �器为例）：

阿拉伯文（عربية ）、保加利亚文（Български）、波兰语（Polski� ��、朝鲜语（한국어）、丹麦语（dansk� �、德语（Deutsch）� �俄语（Русский）、法语（Fran&ccedi l;ais）、芬兰语（su omi）、荷兰语（Nede rlands）、捷克语（� �esky）、克罗地亚� �（Hrvatski）、罗马� ��亚语（romaneste）� �挪威语（norsk）、� ��萄牙语（portugu&eci rc;s）、日语（にほんご）、瑞典语（svenska ）、西班牙语（espa ñol）、希腊语 （Ελλ ηνική）、意大利语（ital iano）、印度文（हिंदी）、英语（English） 、中文（中文）

 　　大家可以� ��得见，除了被我� �记灰色底的文字与拉丁字母� ��写上毫无关联；蓝色底的文字长得很像拉� ��字母以外，其它均是由拉丁字� ��及其变体组成。而拉丁字母的使� ��范围早已覆盖了� �球1/3以上的陆地&he llip;…牛屄是不 是？

　　而为什么蓝色� ��的文字会在书写� �式、形状结构、甚 至是使用规则都与� ��丁字母有相似性� �？比如西里尔字母 （俄文字母）Аа和 希腊字母Αα都� ��与“啊”类 似的音。推而广之� ��为什么日文朝鲜� �也和中文有着相似 性呢？这就是文字� ��家们的工作之一� �找出文字之间传承� ��系，并且排好族� �以供认祖归宗。

　　可是就是有一� ��文字出现了与一� �我们这里常见文字 难以相容的特征，� ��以特别撰此文，� �看世界上有哪些文 字最有个性。

古怪文字名单：（� ��名不分先后，不包含一般Unicode无 法显示的文字）
泰米尔语தமிழ� �� 、韩国语 한국어 、马拉亚姆语 മലയാളം 、迪维希语 ދިވެހިބަސް  ; 、格鲁吉亚语 ქართული 、亚美尼亚语 Հայերեն 、泰语 ไทย 、德路古语 తెలుగు 、古加拉特语 ગુજરાતી 、阿兰语ܐܪܡܝܐ

泰米尔语தமிழ� �� 

身家介绍：泰米尔� ��是一种有超过二� �年历史的语言，属 于达罗毗荼语系，� ��行于印度南部、� �里兰卡东北部。它 是泰米尔纳德邦和� ��地治里的官方语� �。根据统计，在199 6年，泰米尔语在全 球的语言人口中排� ��18位，有语言人口 7400万人。
古怪之处：笔画上� ��直并存，且曲线� �如弹簧（比如：ம ாணவி），字体� ��构上很难确定和� �亚地区通行的天城 文有从属关系。而� ��单独一个字母就� �一个音素（元音或 辅音），如此书写� ��杂的字母来表示� �个音节的一部分（ 即一个音节需要多� ��复杂的曲线字母� �成，而如拉丁字母 ABC笔画不会超过3画 且曲线笔画不会超� ��两画），且多年� �未被简化修改，实 在不可思议。

韩国语 한국어 

身家介绍：谚文是� ��鮮语字母，是15世 纪在李氏朝鲜王朝� ��宗国王的倡导下� �由一批学者创造的 。谚文易于学习和� ��刷，对于出版事� �发达作出了巨大贡 献。它应用于电脑� ��统也很容易。不� �也造成了大量的同 音同形异义词
古怪之处：笔画上� ��似汉字，却又有� �字绝对不会出现的 圈。虽然结构类似� ��字，却是用其结� �来制造填写音素单 位的音节文字（辅� ��因元音改变上下� �左右结构，而收音 写在下方。因此绝� ��不会出现汉字的� �包围、半包围结构 。）也因使用了汉� ��结构收纳音素而� �易取代汉字，造成 同音异义现象普遍� ��

马拉亚姆语 മലയാളം

身家介绍：马拉雅� ��姆语是印度南部� �拉拉邦通行的语言 ，属于达罗毗荼语� ��，是印度22种官方 语言之一，语言人� ��约3,570万人。「马 拉雅拉姆」在马拉� ��拉姆语里的意思� �是「人」。
古怪之处：和前面� ��泰米尔语一样属� �曲线多直线少的文 字，难以看出它的� ��属发展关系。

迪维希语 ދިވެހިބަސް  ; 

身家介绍：它拿字� ��用于拼写马尔代� �官方语言迪维希语 。文章从右向左书� ��。
它拿字母表里，第� ��个到第九个辅音� �母源于阿拉伯文数 字的一到九；第十� ��到第十八个辅音� �母源于印度数字的 一到九；剩余的第� ��九个到第二十四� �辅音字母仅用于音 译外来语，除了ޔ� �都是前十八个字母 里发音接近的字母� ��变体。
古怪之处：明明在� ��尔代夫使用，却� �受到阿拉伯语的影 响而从右往左书写� ��而且元音标记方� �也形似阿拉伯语。 可又不像阿拉伯文� ��一样连写，反而� �似古埃及的僧侣体 。

格鲁吉亚语 ქართული&nbs p;

身家介绍：格鲁吉� ��语是高加索语言� �一种，是格鲁吉亚 的官方语言，在格� ��吉亚有三千九百� �人 (总人口 83%) 作为第一语言，另� ��在伊朗, 土耳其, 俄罗斯和美国等地� ��有 20 万人使用
古怪之处：明明是� ��希腊字母、拉丁� �母、基里尔字母从 属关系很接近，但� ��笔画上却弯曲复� �，读音规则也和那 些字母有异。

亚美尼亚语 Հայերեն 

身家介绍：亚美尼� ��字母是一种字母� �从5世纪开始用来� �写亚美尼亚语。到 19世纪为止，古典� �美尼亚语都是文学 语言。19世纪以后� �亚美尼亚字母用来 书写两种现代、文� ��和口语的方言东� �美尼亚语和西亚美 尼亚语。两者都在� ��一时期创造出来� �
古怪之处：衬线字� ��设计和欧洲的字� �如出一辙，但是字 形与拉丁字母什么� ��却八竿子打不着� �而且有很多笔画末 端加小短线。

泰语 ไทย

身家介绍：泰语是� ��国的官方语言。� �壮侗语系侗台语族 。泰语是一种分析� ��语言，不同的声� �有区分词汇和语法 的作用。
古怪之处：高棉文� ��与它相似，却难� �被计算机显示。和 天城文字从属关系� ��密切。元音的添� �可以在辅音的各个 方向，这点上，藏� ��与其相似。

德路古语 తెలుగు 

身家介绍：德路古� ��是印度安得拉邦� �官方语言，属于达 罗毗荼语系。区域� �� 安得拉邦和邻近区� ��，总使用人数： 7千万为母语，总数 8千万 
古怪之处：和马拉� ��姆语相似又有不� �，上方有加注。而 且笔划中右弯明显� ��于左弯，直线笔� �几乎不存在。

古加拉特语 ગુજરાતી&nbs p;

身家介绍：古吉拉� ��语属于印欧语系� �度-伊朗语族的印� �-雅利安语支，为� �度22种官方语言与1 4种地区性语言之一 ，同时也是巴基斯� ��少数民族语言。� �球有大约4600万人� �这种语言，为世界 上第23大语言。
古怪之处：印度-雅 利安语支却不用天� ��文，直线笔划多� �横线，笔划间连接 很奇怪少有折线（� ��例如拉丁字母NWA� �），多弯曲。

阿兰语ܐܪܡܝܐ

身家介绍：亚拉姆� ��是旧约圣经后期� �写时所用的语言， 及被认为是耶稣基� ��时代的犹太人的� �常用语。一些学者 更认为耶稣基督是� ��这种语言传道。� �属于闪米特语系， 与希伯来语和阿拉� ��语相近。现在还� �不少叙利亚人讲这 种语言。悉尼的民� ��电视台每周日都� �两小时的亚拉姆语 节目。而Windows也由 Windows XP开始支持亚拉姆� �，并提供相关的字 型。
古怪之处：太上古� ��，虽然和现在的� �含语系的阿拉伯语 希伯来语一样属于� ��右往左书写，甚� �象阿拉伯语一样连 写，可是文字结构� ��而不像适合连写� �阿拉伯语而是希伯 来语。笔画的弯曲� ��知是否有意义（� �否符合书写规范） 而笔画末端的圆角� ��奇怪。与其说是� �字本身奇怪，不如 说设计这套基本字� ��的设计理念有悖� �常规的字体。

 

 

 

 

 ދިނުމަށް ދެގަޑިއިރުގެ ވަގުތުކޮޅެއް ހޭދަކޮށްލީމެ� �ެ. އެކުދިންގެ މުއްސަދި ޚިޔާލުގެ ތެރެއަށް ރާއްޖޭގެ ވެށީގެ މިހާރުގެ ޙާލަތާއި ދުނިޔޭގެ ވެއްޓަށް މިހާރު ކުރިމަތިވެފަ� �ިވާ މައްސަލަތައް އޮޅުންފިލުވަ� �ިދިނުމުގެ މަޤްޞަދުގައެ� �ެ.

 

އެހެންނަމަވެ� �ް މަޢުލޫމާތު ދިނުމަށް މިހޭދަކޮށްލެ� �ުނު ވަގުތު ކޮޅުގައި އަޅުގަނޑަށް ފާހަގަވެގެން ދިޔައީ މުޅިން ތަފާތު މައްސަލައެކެ� �ެ. އެހެނަސް އާމައްސަލައެ� �ް ނޫނެވެ. މިއަދުގެ ތަޢުލީމީ މާޙައުލުގައި މިހާރު މަރުގެ ތުންފަތްމަތީ� �ައިވާ ދިވެހިންގެ ‘’ފަޚްރ� �ވެރި’’ ދިވެހިބަސް އޮތް ޙާލަތު އެކުދިންނަށް އެކުދިންގެ މަންމަ ބަހުން ވާހަކަ ދެއްކުމުން އިގިރޭސި ބަހަށް ތަރުޖަމާކޮށް� �ޭން ޖެހޭފަދަ ޙާލަތަކަށް ގޮސްފައިވުމެ� �ެ.

 

‘’ މާދަރީބަހަކަ� �ް ބަސް މިވަނީ ވަރަށްމުހިން� �ު ސަބަބަކާ ހެދި. ބަހުގެ ދިރާސާކުރާ ބަހުގެ މާހިރުން ބުނާގޮތުގައި މާދަރީބަހަކީ މީހަކު އެއްޗެއް ބުނުމުން އެއީ ކޯޗެއްކަން ކިހިނެއް ހުންނައެއްޗެ� �ްކަން އެމީހެއްގެ ސިކުނޑިން އެމީހަކަށް ބަޔާންކޮށްދޭ ބަސް. މިސާލަކަށް ޗެއަރ އޭބުނުމުން އެހުންނަގޮތް ސިފަކޮށްދީ އޭތި އެއީ ގޮނޑިއެއްކަނ� � އޭނާގެ ސިކުނޑިން ކަށަވަރުކޮށް� �ެނީ މާދަރީބަހުން. މިއަދުގެ މާޙައުލުގައި ގިނަ ކުދިންނަށް އެއްޗެއް ބުނުމުން އޭތި އަންގައި ދިނުމަށްޓަކަ� �ި އިގިރޭސި ބަހުން ބުނެދިނީމަ ސިކުނޑިއަށް މިނަގައިދެނީ.’’ ދިވެހި ބަހުން ޑިގްރީ ނަންގަވައިގެ� �ް ހުންނެވި މުޙައްމަދު މުޞްތަފާ ބުނުއްވިއެވެ.

 

މިއަދު ދިވެހިބަހަކީ ވަކިވުމުގެ ޓާޓާ ކިޔަމުންދާ ބަހެކެވެ. ދިވެހިން ފަޚްރުވެރިވާ މާދަރީ ބަހުން ފަށާތަޢުލީމާ� �ި ސާނަވީ މަރުޙަލާގައި ވާހަކަ ދެއްކުމަކީ ލަދުކަމެކެވެ. ބައެއް ސްކޫލުތަކުގަ� �ި ސްކޫލް ހަތަރުފާރުން އެތެރޭގައި ދިވެހި ގަޑީގައި ފިޔަވައި ދިވެހިބަހުން ވާހަކަ ދެއްކުމަކީ އަދަބު ލިބޭކަމެކެވެ. އެ ކުދިންގެ ބަސްމަގާއި ދިވެހި ބަހަށް ހުރި ކޮށިކަން އެކުދިންނާއެ� �ު ހޭދަކޮށްލަން ލިބުނު ކުޑަ ވަގުތުކޮޅުގެ ތެރޭގައި ކިތަންމެ ރަނގަޅަކަށްވ� �ސް ވަޒަން ކުރެވުނެވެ. ދިވެހިބަހުން މަތީ ތަޢުލީމު ހާޞިލްކޮށްގެ� �ްތިބި ގިނަ މީހުންގެ ނަޒަރުގައި ދިވެހިބަހަށް މިއަދު މިހާބޮޑު ނިކަމެތިކަމެ� �ް ކުރިމަތިވެފަ� �ިވަނީ އެތައްބައެއް� �ެ އިޙްމާލުންނެ� �ެ.

 

‘’ މީގަ އެބައޮތް ހުރިހާ މަރުހަލާއެއް� �ަވެސް އިޙްމާލުވެވި� �ަ. އެއްކަމަކީ ދިވެހި ޓީޗަރުންނާއި ދިވެހިބަހުން ބަހުގެ އިލްމު އުގެނިގެން މުޖްތަމައަށް ނިކުމެއްޖެނަ� �ަ ގިނަބަޔަކު ދެކޭގޮތުގައި އެއީ ވަރަށްދަށު ދަރަޖައިގެ ބައެއް. ހަމައެއާއެކު ކިޔަވާ ގިނަކުދިންގެ މައިންބަފައި� �ްނާއި އެކުދިން ޤަބޫލުކުރާ ގޮތުގައިވެސް އަމިއްލަ މާދަރީބަހަށް ވުމުން އެއީ ކޮންމެހެން ކިޔަވަންޖެހޭ އެއްޗެއްނޫން. އެހެންވީމަ މިއަދު އޯލެވެލް އިމްތިހާނު ނިމިގެން ނިކުންނަ ގިނަ ކުދިންނަށް ބަލާއިރު ފާސްވާ ކުދިންވެސް އެންމެދަށުން ފާސްވާ މާއްދާއަކީ ދިވެހިބަސް.’’ ދިވެހިބަހުން ޑިގްރީ ނަންގަވައިގެ� �ް ހުންނެވި އަދި މިހާރުވެސް ދިވެހި ކިޔަވައި ދެމުން ގެންދަވާ ނާހިދާ މުޙައްމަދު ވިދާޅުވިއެވެ. ކޮންމެއަކަސް ދިވެހިން އެދުވަހަކަށް� �ަކައި ފަޚްރުވެރިވާ ޤަޢުމީދުވަސް ދާދި މިދާކަށްދުވަ� �ު އެވަނީ ފާހަގަކޮށްފަ� �ެވެ. ހަމައެއާއެކު ދިވެހިންގެ ގިނަބަޔަކު އެމީހުންގެ ފަޚްރެއްކަމު� �ައިދެކޭ ދިވެހިބަހުން ވާހަކަ ދެއްކުމާއި ރަނގަޅަށް ލިޔަން ނޭނގޭ އެތައްދިވެހި� �ްނެއް މިއަދުވެސް އެބަހަށް ފަޚްރުވެރިވަ� �ުން މި ޤައުމުގައި ދިރިއުޅެމުން އެބަދެއެވެ.

 

މިއީ މުޅިޤަޢުމުގެ ހުރިހާ ދިމާލަކުންވެ� �ް ފެންނަން ހުރި މައްސަލަތަކެ� �ެ. ދިވެހި ޤަޢުމުގައި ދިވެހިންނަށް އަމާޒުކޮށް ތައްޔާރުކުރެ� �ިފައިވާ ގިނަ ފޮތްތަކާއި ދިރާސާތައްވަ� �ީ އަމިއްލަ މާދަރީބަހުން ލިޔުމަށް ނުކުޅެދިފައެ� �ެ. ދިވެހިންނަށް އަމާޒުކޮށް މުޖުތަމަޢުތަ� �ް ހޭލުންތެރިކު� �ުމަށް ހިންގޭ ގިނަ ބައްދަލުވުން� �ަކާއި ކުރެވޭގިނަ އިސްތިހާރުތަ� �ް ދިވެހިބަހުން އިބާރަތްކުރަ� �ްވަނީ ނޭނގިފައެވެ. އެހެންނަމަވެ� �ް މިއީ އެންމެންވެސް ފަޚްރުވެރިވާ ދިވެހި ބަހެވެ.

 

ރާއްޖޭގެ ތަޢުލީމީ މާޙައުލު އުފެއްދިފަ އޮތްގޮތުން މުޅި ތަޢުލީމު ބިނާވެފައިވަ� �ީ އިގިރޭސި ބަހުންނެވެ. މިއީ މާދަރީ ބަހަށް ކުދިން ފަރުވާ ކުޑަވުމަށް މެދުވެރިވެފަ� �ިވާ އެއްމައްސަލަ� �ެވެ. ބަހާބެހޭ ގޮތުން ދުނިޔޭގައި މިހާތަނަށް ކުރެވިފައިވާ ދިރާސާތަކަށް ބަލާއިރު ފަށާތަޢުލީމު� �ެ މަރުހަލާގައި އަމިއްލަ މާދަރީ ބަހުން ކިޔަވައިދިނު� �ަކީ ތަޢުލީމީ އެހެން މަރުޙަލާތަކު� �ައި ކުއްޖާގެ މޮޅުވުން އިތުރުވާނެ ކަމެކެވެ. އެނގޭ އެނގުމާއި އިތުރުބަސްތަ� �ް ކިޔެވުމަށް ބޮޑަށް މަގުފަހިވެގެ� �ް ދާނެކަމެކެވެ. ނަމަވެސް މިއަދުގެ މުޅިތަޢުލީމީ މަރުޙަލާ މިވަނީ ބަދަލުވެފައެ� �ެ.

 - Afrikaans .: Ek is lief vir jou
2 - Albanian .: te dua
3 - Alentejano .: Gosto De Ti, Porra!
4 - Alsacien .: Ich hoan dich gear
5 - Amharic .: Afekrishalehou
6 - Arabic .: Ana Ba-heb-bak
7 - Assamese .: Moi tomak bhal pau
8 - Basc .: Nere Maitea
9 - Batak .: Holong rohangku di ho
10 - Bavarian .: I mog di narrisch gern
11 - Bengali .: Ami tomAy bhAlobAshi
12 - Berber .: Lakh tirikh
13 - Bicol .: Namumutan ta ka
14 - Bolivian .: Quechua qanta munani
15 - Bulgarian .: Obicham te
16 - Burmese .: chit pa de
17 - Cambodian .: Bon sro lanh oon
18 - Canadian .: French Sh'teme
19 - Cantonese .: Ngo oi ney
20 - Catalan .: T'estim
21 - Cebuano .: Gihigugma ko ikaw.
22 - Chickasaw .: chiholloli
23 - Chinese .: (see the entries
24 - Corsican .: Ti tengu cara
25 - Czech .: miluji te
26 - Danish .: Jeg elsker dig
27 - Dutch .: Ik hou van jou
28 - Ecuador .: Quechua canda munani
29 - English .: I love you
30 - Esperanto .: Mi amas vin
31 - Estonian .: Mina armastan sind
32 - Farsi .: Tora dust midaram
33 - Filipino .: Mahal ka ta
34 - French .: Je t'aime
35 - Friesian .: Ik hald fan dei
36 - Gaelic .: Ta gra agam ort
37 - German .: Ich liebe Dich
38 - Greek .: s'ayapo r
39 - Greenlandic .: Asavakit
40 - Gujrati .: Hoon tane pyar karoochhoon.
41 - Hausa .: Ina sonki
42 - Hawaiian .: Aloha I'a Au Oe
43 - Hebrew .: Ani ohev otach
44 - Hindi .: Main Tumse Prem
45 - Hokkien .: Wa ai lu
46 - Hopi .: Nu' umi unangwa'ta
47 - Hungarian .: Szeretlek
48 - Icelandic .: Eg elska thig
49 - Indi .: Mai Tujhe Pyaar
50 - Indonesian .: Aku cinta kamu
51 - Iranian .: Mahn doostaht doh-rahm
52 - Italian .: ti amo
53 - Japanese .: Sukiyanen
54 - Kannada .: Naanu Ninnanu Mohisuthene
55 - Kiswahili .: Nakupenda
56 - Klingon .: qabang
57 - Korean .: Saranghapanida
58 - Lao .: Koi muk jao
59 - Latin .: Vos amo
60 - Latvian .: Es milu tevi
61 - Lebanese .: Bahibak
62 - Lingala .: Nalingi yo
63 - Lithuanian .: TAVE MYLIU
64 - Lojban .: mi do prami
65 - Luo .: Aheri
66 - Macedonian .: SAKAM TE!
67 - Madrid .: lingo Me molas, tronca
68 - Malay .: Saya cintakan mu
69 - Malay/Indonesian .: Saya cintakan awak
70 - Malayalam .: Ngan Ninne Snaehikkunnu
71 - Malaysian .: Saya Sayangmu
72 - Marathi .: Mi tuzya var prem karato
73 - Mohawk .: Konoronhkwa
74 - Navaho .: Ayor anosh'ni
75 - Ndebele .: Niyakutanda
76 - Norwegian .: Eg elskar deg
77 - Op .: Op Lopveop Yopuop
78 - Osetian .: Aez dae warzyn
79 - Pakistani .: Mujhe Tumse Muhabbat Hai
80 - Persian .: Tora dost daram
81 - Pig .: Latin Ie Ovele Ouye
82 - Polish .: Kocham Ciebie
83 - Portuguese .: Amo-te
84 - Quenya .: Tye-mela'ne
85 - Romanian .: Te Ador
86 - Russian .: Ya vas liubliu
87 - Serbocroatian .: Volim t
88 - Shona .: Ndinokuda
89 - Sinhalese .: Mama oyata adarei
90 - Sioux .: Techihhila
91 - Slovak .: lubim ta
92 - Slovene .: ljubim te
93 - Spanish .: Te amo
94 - Srilankan .: Mama Oyata Arderyi
95 - Swahili .: Naku penda
97 - Syrian/Lebanese .: BHEBBEK
98 - Tagalog .: Mahal kita
99 - Tahitian .: Ua Here Vau Ia Oe
100 - Tamil .: Naan Unnai Kadalikiren
101 - Telugu .: Neenu ninnu pra'mistu'nnanu
102 - Thai .: Phom Rak Khun
103 - Tunisian .: Ha eh bak
104 - Turkish .: Seni seviyorum
105 - Ukrainian .: ja pokoKHAv vas
106 - Urdu .: Mujhe tumse mohabbat hai
107 - Vietnamese .: Toi yeu em
108 - Vlaams .: Ik hue van ye
109 - Vulcan .: Wani ra yana ro aisha
110 - Yugoslavian .: Ya te volim
111 - Zazi .: Ezhele hezdege

 男性爱看美女� ��除了男性的本能� �应外，其实还可延 年益寿。

       研究人员发现，每� ��都能凝望漂亮女� �的男性，血压相对 较低，脉搏跳动较� ��，心脏疾病也较� �，平均寿命可以延 长4至5年。　　
    & nbsp;  研究显示，男性彬� ��有礼地凝视美丽� �女性，就好像是欣 赏美丽的风景画一� ��，有助于身心健� �。而凝视美丽的女 性10分钟，健身效� �差不多相当于做了 30分钟的有氧运动� �
　　虽然男性突然� ��到美女会产生自� �神经亢奋，出现脸 红心跳、手脚冰冷� ��现象。但是每天� �能见到美女，大脑 中的回路控制机制� ��就会使脑中产生� �的情绪记忆，让情 绪中枢保持稳定状� ��，能减低心血管� �病或中风的风险， 而这项研究也透露� ��男性喜欢观赏美� �的原因。
    

　　打点好住处，� ��兰便引着我们来� �当地一家酒楼。

　　我是一个无酒� ��欢的人，虽然不� �酒也不贪杯，但是 每餐总要尝那么一� ��儿，才觉得算是� �过饭了。文竹曾经 极度讽刺地对我说� ��“公子，您比� ��爷儿们还爷儿们� �可惜，您不是真的 爷儿们。您要真的� ��个货真价实的爷� �们，定是块好苗子 。为啥？您有做爷� ��们的资本呀。&rdqu o;

　　我怎么听怎么� ��扭，貌似这是曾� �某人的经典语式。 最后，经我仔细分� ��加琢磨，终于研� �出，这，的确继承 了《大话西游》中� ��僧的风范。

　　“锵”� �脆的一声铜锣声成 功的吸引了众人的� ��意力：“各位� ��知，当今江湖上� �谁最遭武林人士痛 恨，又是谁最受武� ��人士爱戴？”� ��书先生一开口就� �出两问题，等待众 人回答。

　　呃…… ？一般开场不都是& lsquo;话说，某某时� ��某某地点，发生� �某某事情’吗� �这个开场到是挺有 新意的。

　　众人回答相当� ��一致，清一色咬� �切齿：“最恨� �公子，最恨毒公子 。”随即，又换 上极度崇拜的表情� ��“最爱凌少爷� ��最爱凌少爷。&rdqu o;变脸的速度比翻� �还快，够绝的！

　　这…… 是不是经过排练的� ��我就这么遭人痛� �，怎么都是杀之以 后快的表情？妈呀� ��做人好失败… …

　　“没错，毒 公子心狠手辣，残� ��各路英雄，以下� �为乐趣，搅得如今 的江湖人心惶惶。� ��此卑劣的畜生，� �人得尔诛之。远的 姑且不论，半月前� ��封河一战，胡辛� �刹替天行道，为武 林除害，竟被面目� ��憎的毒公子暗中� �了毒。听说那毒既 疼又痒，像千万只� ��子在身上爬行啃� �，胡辛二刹抵挡不 了毒性，挠了一挠� ��顿时皮肤溃烂，� �瘤黄浓…&hellip ;”说书先生义� �填膺地列数我的种 种罪状，总之一句� ��，我是心肠歹毒� �恶行累累，被施以 剐刑都不为过。

　　要是让他知道� ��此刻，我就是听� �中的一员，不知道 他还能不能这么慷� ��激昂地对我进行� �斗。

　　“文竹，你 说，本公子就长得� ��么面目可憎？&rdqu o;我下意识的往脸� �摸摸，应该不像他 描述的那样尖嘴猴� ��啊，明显是皮肤� �滑嫩嫩，跟嫩豆腐 一般好摸嘛。

　　“公子，别 听他胡扯。他狗嘴� ��吐不出象牙来。� �污了您的耳。&rdquo ;文竹一副被骂的是 她的样子，气愤不� ��。哎，要我这当� �人何用？

　　“凌公子， 凌宫劭大侠乃神仙� ��秋宿子的弟子。� �手回春，解救众人 于水深火热之中，� ��其免遭毒公子的� �手……&rdqu o;

　　凌宫劭？原来� ��此，我就说嘛，� �近怎么越来越无聊 了呢，原来是我在� ��面挑衅，你在后� �打点啊，真是个烂 好人。凌宫劭，感� ��我的成全吧，让� �可以一箭双雕。不 光完成了师父的交� ��，还成就了你的� �名，好人都让你做 了。

　　“公子，凌 公子对你可是真的� ��。”文兰一语� ��塞住鄙夷嘲讽，� �凌宫劭恨恨然的我 。看来破口大骂是� ��可能的了，腹语� �可以了吧。该死的 凌宫劭！

　　“公子，打 扰了，可否允许在� ��在此坐下，你看&h ellip;…？”� ��人以眼神示意周� �的座无虚席。的确 ，这个酒楼只剩我� ��前的这个空位子� �。

　　“兄台请。 ”我及时的制止 已皱眉欲拒绝的文� ��，开口邀请。我� �良心一向很好，只 是别人不知道罢了� ��

　　来人露出一个� ��激的笑容：“� ��谢。”款款落� ��，举止优雅从容� �太……有� �质了！要搁在现代 ，我会把他归类于� ��版绅士。

　　相较之下，我� ��显得逊色多了。� �看文竹的反应就知 道。猛吞口水的模� ��，似乎早已忘了� �主子我的存在。这 一发现严重的打击� ��我的自信心，不� �道是谁刚才还夸本 人玉树临风，潇洒� ��傥呢。女人＝善� �，真理也！

　　难道他真的比� ��帅？我不自觉的� �瞄了几眼。就是比 我高些，比我斯文� ��，比我man些，还� �耐看，其他的，也 不咋的嘛。还不至� ��让人犯罪。

　　“什么世道 ，眼光都这么菜。& rdquo;我小声地嘀咕� ��一句。狠狠灌了� �口酒，眼光瞟向远 处。

　　Hey，正点！前� ��左偏30度角的位置 ，冠玉束发，剑眉� ��眸，唇薄而性感� �两侧脸颊削尖，脸 部线条似一笔呵成� ��凸一分显胖，凹� �分则显瘦。完美， 无比完美！

　　许是发现了打� ��的目光，帅哥冲� �微笑的点头致意。 我以酒回礼，遥遥� ��了一杯。对于帅� �，我从不吝啬，既 赏心又悦目的事，� ��乐而不为？

　　“公子可认 识那白衣少侠？&rdq uo;对面的年轻人问� ��

　　“不。&rdquo ;只是看着他长得好 看，养眼而已，嘿� ��。

　　“在下还以 为公子认识，他是& hellip;…”

　　不及他说完，& ldquo;啪”清脆的 耳光，狠绝、干净� ��利落，让原本宣� �的酒楼顿时鸦雀无 声。周围同时倒吸� ��一口冷气，诧异� �看着这对儿璧人。 男的白衣似雪，嘴� ��噙笑却目露寒光� �女的红衣似血，骄 阳如火却暗藏杀气� ��不稍一会儿，八� �绯衣女子如空降兵 般落地，团团包围� ��白衣男子。就这� �对峙着。

　　我的脑袋有三� ��钟的当机，太&hell ip;…像拍电视� �一样。嗯，比电视 剧真实些，现场感� ��比较浓烈，能让� �众更深刻的感受。 好玩，比八点档好� ��!

　　“是夺月教 ，是夺月教。” 一声惊叫拉回了众� ��处在震惊中的表� �。安静了三分钟的 酒楼又恢复哄闹。� ��时的哄闹更多的� �向于人心惶惶。众 人夺门而出，由于� ��太多，一时卡在� �门口，还有人索性 从二楼的窗户跳下� ��。

　　“太夸张了 吧？这么快就都闪� ��了？都赶着去投� �？心急生囡啊!&rdqu o;

　　“公子不知 道夺月教吗？” 对面的仁兄好心提� ��。

　　“夺月教？ 没听说过耶，我应� ��知道吗？是不是� �是那群穿红色衣服 的人？”此话一 出，文兰文竹分明� ��着“井、底、� ��、蛙”的眼神� ��我，绝对的鄙视� �无形的说着‘� �牌子，真是看透你 了’。

　　“对，没错 。”还是这么仁 兄好，做人实惠，� ��该有的表情一律� �形。

　　“哦～。公 子如何称呼？” 我了然了。

　　“在下江南 。”

　　“江南啊， 是个好名儿，JJ有� �歌就叫‘江南&r squo;，还有老白同� �的《忆江南》，真 是一绝啊。你这名� ��取得好，诗意美� �还能引人遐想，比 我叫归笑强。老头� ��好死不死给我取� �个什么破名字，跟 烂人的名字音那么� ��，存心找我晦气� �”我嫌气的撇� �嘴，诉说着对名字 的不满。

　　终于有人对我� ��恨又略带羡慕的� �气产生了反应。&ld quo;噗哧，哈哈哈&rd quo;某人丝毫没有临 危意识，毫无形象� ��仰天大笑。

　　“很简单， 我教你个方法，要� ��你改名，要么你� �中的烂人改名，管 他的老头子做什。& rdquo;帅哥旁若无人� ��开始与我叽歪。

　　既然他这么不� ��一切、视死如归� �要与我交谈，我当 然赏脸啦。“兄 台，有没有人说你� ��聪明呀？不过如� �聪明的你，怎么栽 在了辣美眉手里？� ��给男人丢脸。记� �回家不要罚的太重 哦，跪搓衣板就行� ��，不多，十二个� �辰即可。”

　　“冤枉啊， 人家姑娘家可还是� ��花大闺女呢。&rdqu o;帅哥尤其强调了&l squo;黄花大闺女&rsqu o;五个字，听着极� �的讽刺。

　　“路边的野 花～你不要采” 我抓住时机唱了一� ��经典老歌‘路� ��的野花不要采&rsqu o;。我型就要秀，� �有什么不可以。

　　“还愣着做 什么，给我上。&rdq uo;红衣女子盛怒至� ��，猪肝色的脸儿� �到喷火。喊了一声 ，提剑直刺向我。

　　文兰起身，迅� ��为我化开凌厉的� �招，与红衣女子纠 缠在一起。文竹则� ��在我身边，阻挡� �个绯衣女子的进攻 。帅哥一人对付五� ��绯衣女子，打得� �不热烈。

　　事不关己，高� ��挂起！

　　“江南，你 说，以为穿了红衣� ��就是嫁衣，就能� �人了吗？要是我给 我们家小花披块红� ��，它不是也能为� �妇？你肯定不知道 我们家小花吧，它� ��我见过最乖最乖� �……猪！� �对的贤良淑德，不 挑食不吵闹，还能� ��一箩筐的猪宝宝� �我把它许配给这位 仁兄，绝对比某人� ��，你意下如何？&r dquo;

　　“咳，这是 个深刻的问题，需� ��从长计议。咳咳&r dquo;江南猛烈得抖� �着肩膀，垂首灌了 一口茶顺气，试图� ��笑声吞回肚子。

　　“兄台，你 也太不够意思了，� ��什么不问当事人� �意见呢。好歹也是 我的终身大事啊。& rdquo;帅哥已不知不� ��得移到了我附近� �嬉皮笑脸，态度极 其不端正的应战。

　　“啪，哗&rd quo;在我混沌的情况 下，红衣女子挥剑� ��向我，幸得帅哥� �我拉离座位，护在 身边。江南则用内� ��推动桌子，直砸� �衣女子。只是可惜 了一桌好酒好菜，� ��这么喂了大地母� �。

　　“你没事吧 。”江南来到我 的身旁，用身体挡� ��前方的危险。太� �人了，两个萍水相 逢的人竟这么保护� ��，是谁说世态炎� �的？

　　“可恶，浪 费就是犯罪，我代� ��月亮消灭你！&rdqu o;我把手中唯一幸� �于难的酒杯里的酒 顺势泼了出去，正� ��浇在红衣女子的� �上。

　　一滴，两滴，� ��滴顺着她的脸颊� �下滑。

　　红衣女子恼羞� ��怒，却不知所措� �只听“噗—& mdash;”

　　不轻不重，正� ��能让在场所有人� �见，什么声音？众 人都停下了动作，� ��息凝听。

　　就在这一瞬间� ��周围的景物以焕� �一新。我知道耳边 带过一阵风，而我� ��现在就在了这里&m dash;—一棵树上� ��

未来的某一天（根� ��推背图推算：第37 象写到了民国，推� ��图一共60象，从唐 到民国是1300年，第 60象的年代应该是� �来的1000年左右）� �一个名叫袁天罡科 学家发明了时间机� ��。不知是有意还� �事故，他来到了唐 朝。也许是时穿异� ��等原因，他的时� �机器完全毁坏了。 经过一段时间的努� ��，他完全绝望了� �他根本没办法修好 自已的时间机器。� ��一个科学家不一� �什么都会，到了古 代你会发现连把合� ��的钣手都没有）� �是，他不得不在这 个时代留了下来。� ��时，他会利用随� �带的小东西（打火 机、电筒之类的）� ��演一下“神迹& rdquo;，以换得一点� ��两生存，也因此� �到了隐士、仙人之 类的称号。但他的� ��心中非常痛苦，� �时无刻不在思念数 千年后等着他的亲� ��。他很想告诉他� �自己发生了什么事 ，到了什么时间，� ��么地方。有一次� �他结识了在朝中担 任钦天监的李淳风� ��他终于想到了一� �办法：写一本预言 书，传递自己的信� ��给后世的亲人。� �是，他鼓动李淳风 和他一起写这部书� ��写书是要财力和� �响力的，靠他一个 人不行）。为了增� ��说服力，他还将� �则天将要代唐而立 的事告诉了李淳风� ��没想到忠心于李� �风唐王朝的李淳风 将此事告诉了唐太� ��。于是引出了武� �天作尼姑这一段历 史（在这里，我们� ��到的也许已是经� �天罡扰动后的历史 了，在袁天罡的历� ��中，也许没有武� �天出家这一段，而 是武则天顺顺当当� ��做上了皇后，最� �代唐而立）。袁天 罡大吃一惊，因为� ��乱历史可能产生� �常严重的后果。于 是他不得不告诫李� ��风：天机不可泄� �。这也是后来他将 推背图写得如引隐� ��难懂的原因。终� �，推背图书成。据 史载，这本书之所� ��被名为推背图，� �因为写到最后，袁 天罡推了一下李淳� ��的背，说：够了� �其实是因为他只知 道这么多了，他写� ��了他来的那个时� �，那个时代之后的 事他没办法写了。� ��相信在最后的几� �中，袁天罡一定隐 藏了他所想传递的� ��息，也许是他想� �递信息给某个人的 姓名？我们不知道� ��那个千年之的老� �后的人是谁？是他 白发苍苍的老母，� ��是生死相依的爱� �，也许是肝胆相照 的兄弟？
　　怎么感觉到的� ��少龙的个这故事� �

目的地 - 中国

王曰。封。以厥庶� ��。暨厥臣。達大� �。以厥臣達王。惟 邦君。 　　汝若恆。越曰� ��我有師師。司徒� �司馬。司空。尹旅 。曰。予罔厲殺人� ��亦厥君先敬勞。� �徂厥敬勞。肆往。 姦宄。殺人。歷人� ��。肆亦見厥君事� �戕敗人宥。 　　王啟監。厥亂� ��民。曰。無胥戕� �無胥虐。至于敬寡 。至于屬婦。合由� ��容。王其效邦君� �越御事。厥命曷以 。引養引恬。自古� ��若茲監。罔攸辟� �惟曰。若稽田。既 勤敷菑。惟其陳修� ��為厥疆畎。若作� �家。既勤垣墉。惟 其塗塈茨。若作梓� ��。既勤樸斲。惟� �塗丹艭。 　　今王惟曰。先� ��既勤用明德。懷� �夾。庶邦享。作兄 弟。方來。亦既用� ��德。后式典。集� �邦丕享。皇天既付 中國民。越厥疆土� ��于先王肆。王惟� �用。和懌先後迷民 。用懌先王受命。� ��若茲監。惟曰。� �至于萬年惟王。子 子孫孫永保民。

来源：中国经济网

·酒誥	·康誥
·微子之命	·大誥
·金滕	·旅獒
·洪範	·武成
·牧誓	·泰誓上中下

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Türkçe sitelerine / bloglarına Adsense reklamları yerleştirerek para kazanmayı amaçlayanların en büyük sıkıntısı, Adwords ve Adsense programları Türkiye'de henüz çok yaygın olarak kullanılmadığından, reklamların çok çeşitli olmaması ve yayıncıların tıklama başına kazandıkları ücretlerin çok düşük olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır.

Reklamlar çok çeşitli olmadığından, sayfa içeriğine uygun olarak yayınlanması gereken Adsense reklamları çoğu zaman hiç alakasız olabir. Adsense'den söz ettiğimiz bu sayfada kurs reklamları veya kitap reklamları yayınlanabiliyor veya sık sık, içeriğe uygun reklam bulunamadığından "Güneş ne kadar sıcaktır ?" gibi ücretsiz kamu hizmet reklamları görülebiliyor. Bu sayfaya gelen birisi de kitap reklamları ile ilgilenmiyor.

Ziyaretçiler ilgilenip de tıklasa bile, Türkçe'deki tıklama başına ücretler, genelde 3 cent civarında değişiyor. Belli bir miktarı toplamak için kaç kişinin reklamlarınızı tıklaması gerektiğini düşünün artık. Bu nedenle eğer Türkçe sitelerimize Adsense reklamları yerleştireceksek hiç olmazsa biraz daha yüksek getiri sağlayan anahtar kelimeleri öğrenip buna göre sayfalarımızı düzenlememizde fayda var.


Bunun için, tamamen Google'ın Adwords reklamverenlerinin hizmetine sunduğu anahtar kelime araçları ve trafik tahmin araçlarından yararlanılarak oluşturulan Türkçe Adsense anahtar kelimeler listesi aşağıya çıkarılmıştır . Listede şu anda sıkça kullanılan Türkçe anahtar kelimenin dolar üzerinden tıklama başına ortalama maliyetlerini ve günlük ortalama tahmini tıklanma oranları yer almaktadır.


Yalnız, dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta, bir anahtar kelimenin tıklama-başına Adwords reklamverenlerine maliyetinin yüksek görünmesi, site sahiplerinin de illa o kelimeden yüksek bir gelir elde edeceği anlamına gelmiyor. Adsense reklamlarının sayfada nereye yerleştirildiğinden tutun da, sayfanızda toplam kaç reklam olduğuna kadar değişen ve yalnızca Google'ın bildiği bir çok unsur bu hesaplamalarda etkili olmaktadır. Birbirine çok yakın kelimeler bile tıklama-başına maliyet (TBM) olarak birbirinden çok farklı olabiliyor. Ancak yine de çok düşük TBM'si olanlarla boşuna uğraşmak yerine getirisi biraz daha yüksek olan konuları seçip, sayfalarımızı onlara göre düzenlemek en iyisidir.


Türkiye'de Adwords henüz Batı'daki kadar yaygın olmadığından her sayfanın içeriğine uygun reklam bulmak zor olmaktadır. Bunun için de kullanacağınız anahtar kelimelere karar vermeden önce, Google arama kutucuğuna bunları yazıp, gelen sayfada sağ tarafta reklam olup olmadığına bakın. Eğer tamamen boşsa, o anahtar kelimeleri hedef almış Adwords reklamvereni yok demektir, yani sizin sayfanızda da alakasız reklamlar çıkabilir. Eğer alt alta bir çok reklam sıralandıysa bu reklamverenler arasında rekabet olduğu ve o anahtar kelimelerin tıklama başına size sağlayacağı gelirin de muhtemelen daha yüksek olacağı anlamına gelmektedir.


Tahmini Ort. TBM Tahmini Tıklama/Günde

min. max. min. max.

adsense $8,18 $12,27 9 12

adwords $18,61 $27,91 6 8

ajans $0,19 $0,29 21 23

almanca $0,13 $0,20 42 54

almanca sözlük $0,05 $0,07 5 7

alternatif tıp $0,05 $0,09 2 4

arama $0,22 $0,31 157 198

arama motorları $0,07 $0,12 17 21

arama motorlarına kayıt $2,42 $3,02 5 7

arama motoru $0,34 $0,45 22 29

arama motoru kayıt $1,56 $1,95 0 1

arkadas arama $0,06 $0,11 3 5

arkadaş arama $0,08 $0,13 32 37

arkadaş arama siteleri $0,10 $0,16 2 3

at yarışı $0,05 $0,05 43 45

audio $1,32 $1,65 150 191

audio software $1,11 $1,38 1 2

audio technica $1,40 $1,75 0 2

audio visual $2,88 $3,61 2 3

bebek $0,64 $0,80 577 722

bebek bakımı $0,12 $0,20 4 5

bebek isimleri $0,05 $0,06 14 17

bebek oyunları $0,06 $0,10 4 7

bebek resimleri $0,05 $0,05 25 27

bedava $0,07 $0,11 1.185 1.477

bedava cep melodi $0,05 $0,05 2 3

bedava indir $0,05 $0,05 201 212

bedava ingilizce $0,25 $0,36 6 10

bedava melodi $0,05 $0,08 9 12

bedava mesaj $0,05 $0,07 8 9

bedava mp3 $0,07 $0,12 138 150

bedava mp3 indir $0,05 $0,05 53 55

bedava mp3 siteleri $0,05 $0,05 7 8

bedava müzik $0,05 $0,08 64 67

bedava oyun $0,05 $0,09 71 81

bedava oyun indir $0,05 $0,05 16 18

bedava sms $0,17 $0,26 20 23

bedava türkçe mp3 $0,05 $0,05 8 9

bilgisayar kursu $0,13 $0,20 5 7

bilgisayar oyunları $0,15 $0,24 9 15

bilgisayar oyunu $0,15 $0,24 1 2

blog $1,41 $2,12 76 95

britney spears video $0,10 $0,17 0 1

cep oyun $0,05 $0,05 11 13

cep programları $0,05 $0,05 39 41

cep telefonu oyunları $0,05 $0,06 0 1

cilt $1,22 $1,52 28 37

cilt bakım $0,50 $0,62 3 5

cilt bakımı $3,69 $4,61 19 21

ders $0,05 $0,08 176 215

ders planları $0,05 $0,05 24 25

dersane $0,17 $0,25 24 28

digital video $2,85 $3,56 19 30

dil kursları $0,75 $0,94 3 7

dil kursu $0,48 $0,73 10 11

diyetler $0,07 $0,12 5 7

dolar $0,47 $0,70 20 28

ekşi sözlük $0,05 $0,05 22 23

eleman arama $0,05 $0,10 0 2

erkek $0,05 $0,06 156 195

erkek parfüm $0,10 $0,17 0 1

fen okulu $0,05 $0,05 8 9

fue $0,09 $0,15 7 9

futbol $0,14 $0,22 215 268

google adsense $9,42 $14,12 2 4

google adwords $13,33 $19,99 1 3

google video $2,42 $3,16 2 4

göğüs hastalıkları $0,05 $0,10 1 2

günlük $0,05 $0,05 454 455

günlük fal $0,05 $0,05 32 33

günlük gazete $0,05 $0,05 7 8

günlük gazeteler $0,05 $0,05 17 18

güzel sözler $0,05 $0,05 104 114

hazır mesaj $0,17 $0,25 1 2

ilköğretim $0,05 $0,06 300 337

ingilizce $0,23 $0,33 381 460

ingilizce chat $0,64 $0,80 5 6

ingilizce dil kursları $0,74 $0,93 0 2

ingilizce kursları $0,80 $1,00 9 15

ingilizce kursu $0,66 $0,83 11 12

ingilizce sözlük $0,37 $0,49 21 22

ingilizce türkçe sözlük $0,15 $0,23 5 6

ingilizce türkçe çeviri $1,84 $2,29 19 20

ingilizce yemek tarifleri $0,05 $0,05 0 1

ingilizce çeviri $2,83 $3,53 33 34

internetten para kazanma $0,05 $0,08 2 3

internetten para kazanmak $0,55 $0,68 2 3

is arama $0,05 $0,08 0 1

iç hastalıkları $0,24 $0,35 2 3

iş arama $0,17 $0,26 22 23

iş ilanları $0,14 $0,21 67 86

jvc video camera $0,97 $1,21 1 2

kadın hastalıkları $0,15 $0,23 7 11

kalori $0,06 $0,10 23 29

kalp $0,05 $0,06 107 134

kellik $0,52 $0,65 1 2

kilo $0,16 $0,25 33 43

kilo aldırıcı $0,06 $0,10 1 2

kilo alma $0,09 $0,16 3 5

kilo verme $0,42 $0,52 2 3

kilo vermek $0,24 $0,35 2 3

kişisel bakım $0,14 $0,22 0 2

kolay arkadaş $0,05 $0,07 5 8

kolay para $0,07 $0,11 4 5

kurs $0,54 $0,67 28 36

lazer $1,38 $1,72 84 104

lazer epilasyon $1,74 $2,17 45 58

lazer epilasyon ankara $1,36 $1,70 3 5

lazer epilasyon merkezi $1,19 $1,49 0 1

lazer tedavisi $2,95 $3,68 2 4

matematik dersi $0,09 $0,14 7 10

metin çeviri $3,82 $4,78 3 5

mide hastalıkları $0,05 $0,06 3 4

moonstar $0,05 $0,08 8 10

muhasebe programları $0,23 $0,34 1 3

notebook audio $0,62 $0,77 0 1

okey oyun $0,09 $0,15 7 8

okul $0,05 $0,07 222 274

okul öncesi $0,10 $0,16 24 32

okul öncesi eğitim $0,17 $0,26 5 8

online oyunlar $0,05 $0,05 7 9

opera video $0,95 $1,19 0 1

oyun $0,26 $0,37 685 759

oyun download $0,05 $0,05 18 22

oyun dünyası $0,05 $0,05 10 11

oyun hilesi $0,05 $0,05 9 11

oyun oynama $0,05 $0,05 10 12

oyun sitesi $0,05 $0,05 41 46

oyun yükle $0,05 $0,05 15 17

para $0,15 $0,23 631 790

para kazan $0,14 $0,21 4 6

para kazanma $0,05 $0,08 11 14

para kazanma yolları $0,05 $0,09 2 3

para kazanmak $0,64 $0,81 14 20

pc oyun $0,05 $0,05 12 14

photoshop dersleri $0,06 $0,10 3 4

programlar $0,05 $0,05 38 46

reklam $0,35 $0,58 112 134

reklam ajansı $0,52 $0,65 4 6

reklamcılık $0,24 $0,44 3 4

ronaldinho video $0,14 $0,22 5 6

sac $0,52 $0,64 15 20

satış $0,45 $0,56 345 432

satış ve pazarlama $0,11 $0,19 0 2

saç $9,68 $12,31 945 1.182

saç bakımı $6,37 $7,96 2 5

saç ekim merkezleri $2,31 $2,89 2 5

saç ekimi $10,86 $13,58 901 1.127

saç kesimi $0,75 $0,94 0 1

saç kurutma $0,11 $0,19 0 2

saç mezoterapisi $0,44 $0,55 0 1

saç nakli $1,84 $2,29 1 2

selülit tedavisi $1,64 $2,05 1 3

sesli sözlük $0,05 $0,05 1 2

sex videos $0,35 $0,46 14 20

sozluk $0,05 $0,05 76 79

sörf $0,05 $0,05 1 3

sözlük $0,56 $0,83 39 55

sözlük indir $0,50 $0,75 5 6

sözlük çeviri $1,03 $1,28 1 2

sürücü kursu $0,14 $0,22 58 71

tavla $0,65 $0,81 61 79

tavla bedava $0,37 $0,49 6 7

training video $3,00 $3,75 381 477

tüp bebek $9,62 $12,03 61 83

türkce sözlük $0,27 $0,39 2 4

türkiye gazetesi $0,05 $0,05 6 8

türkçe dersi $0,05 $0,05 12 13

türkçe sözlük $0,10 $0,24 31 35

türkçe çeviri $1,62 $2,03 32 33

umut $0,05 $0,05 69 71

usb video capture $1,40 $1,75 0 1

video $1,36 $2,04 960 1.168

video capture software $3,42 $4,27 0 1

video chat $0,86 $1,07 35 49

video clip $0,34 $0,46 9 12

video download $0,45 $0,57 15 20

video hard $0,37 $0,50 2 3

video kamera $0,32 $0,43 8 12

video klipler $0,05 $0,05 8 9

video rental $4,06 $6,08 1 3

video wall $2,02 $2,52 0 1

yabancı $0,05 $0,06 159 201

yabancı dil $0,28 $0,40 9 11

yabancı mp3 $0,05 $0,05 36 38

yabancı mp3 indir $0,05 $0,05 7 8

yabancı müzik $0,05 $0,06 17 18

yabancı şarkı sözleri $0,05 $0,05 9 10

yemek tarifleri $0,25 $0,36 23 32

yıllık $0,05 $0,06 162 164

yıllık ödev $0,05 $0,05 21 25

çeviri $1,15 $1,44 141 142

çeviri programı $1,13 $1,41 5 11

özel ders $0,36 $0,48 7 10

özel okullar $0,07 $0,11 14 16

öğrenci $0,05 $0,08 149 154

şans oyunları $0,05 $0,05 7 8

şarkı $0,05 $0,06 399 409

şarkı sözleri $0,05 $0,05 137 139

He is most famous for his sophisticated, brilliantly witty plays and also for his eccentricity in dress, tastes and manners. His first published work, Poems (1881), was well received and served as a springboard for his 1882 United States lecture tour.

Birth and early life

Oscar Wilde was the second son born into an Anglo-Irish family, at 21 Westland Row, Dublin, to Sir William Wilde and his wife Jane Francesca Wilde (née Elgee) (her pseudonym being Speranza). Jane was a successful writer, being a poet for the revolutionary Young Irelanders in 1848 and a life-long Irish nationalist.^[1] Sir William was Ireland's leading Oto-Ophthalmologic (ear and eye) surgeon and was knighted in 1864 for his services to medicine.^[1] William also wrote books on archaeology and folklore. He was a renowned philanthropist, and his dispensary for the care of the city's poor, in Lincoln Place at the rear of Trinity College, Dublin, was the forerunner of the Dublin Eye and Ear Hospital, now located at Adelaide Road.

In June 1855, the family moved to 1 Merrion Square in a fashionable residential area, where Wilde's sister, Isola, was born in 1856. Here, Lady Wilde held a regular Saturday afternoon salon with guests including Sheridan le Fanu, Samuel Lever, George Petrie, Isaac Butt and Samuel Ferguson. Oscar was educated at home up to the age of nine. He attended Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, Fermanagh from the ages of nine to sixteen^[2], spending the summer months with his family in rural Waterford, Wexford and at Sir William's family home in Mayo. Here the Wilde brothers played with the older George Moore.

After leaving Portora, Wilde studied classics at Trinity College, Dublin, from 1871 to 1874. He was an outstanding student, and won the Berkeley Gold Medal, the highest award available to classics students at Trinity. He was awarded a scholarship to Magdalen College, Oxford, where he continued his studies from 1874 to 1878 and where he became a part of the Aesthetic movement, one of its tenets being to make an art of life. While at Magdalen, he won the 1878 Newdigate Prize for his poem Ravenna, which he read out at Encaenia; he failed, though, to win the Chancellor's English Essay Prize for an essay that would be published posthumously as The Rise of Historical Criticism (1909). In November 1878, he graduated with a double first in classical moderations and Literae Humaniores, or 'Greats'.

Marriage and family

After graduating from Oxford, Wilde returned to Dublin, where he met and fell in love with Florence Balcombe. She in turn became engaged to Bram Stoker. On hearing of her engagement, Wilde wrote to her stating his intention to leave Ireland permanently. He left in 1878 and was to return to his native country only twice, for brief visits. The next six years were spent in London, Paris and the United States, where he traveled to deliver lectures. Wilde's address in the 1881 British Census is given as 1 Tite Street, London. The head of the household is listed as Frank Miles with whom Wilde shared rooms at this address.

In London, he met Constance Lloyd, daughter of wealthy Queen's Counsel Horace Lloyd. She was visiting Dublin in 1884, when Oscar was in the city to give lectures at the Gaiety Theatre. He proposed to her and they married on May 29, 1884 in Paddington, London. Constance's allowance of £250 allowed the Wildes to live in relative luxury. The couple had two sons, Cyril (1885) and Vyvyan (1886). After Oscar's downfall, Constance took the surname Holland for herself and the boys. She died in 1898 following spinal surgery and was buried in Staglieno Cemetery in Genoa, Italy. Cyril was killed in France in World War I. Vyvyan survived the war and went on to become an author and translator. He published his memoirs in 1954. Vyvyan's son, Merlin Holland, has edited and published several works about his grandfather. Oscar Wilde's niece, Dolly Wilde, was involved in a lengthy lesbian affair with writer Natalie Clifford Barney

Aestheticism and philosophy

While at Magdalen College, Wilde became particularly well known for his role in the aesthetic and decadent movements. He began wearing his hair long and openly scorning so-called "manly" sports, and began decorating his rooms with peacock feathers, lilies, sunflowers, blue china and other objets d'art.

Legends persist that his behaviour cost him a dunking in the River Cherwell in addition to having his rooms (which still survive as student accommodation at his old college) trashed, but the cult spread among certain segments of society to such an extent that languishing attitudes, "too-too" costumes and aestheticism generally became a recognised pose. Publications such as the Springfield Republican commented on Wilde's behaviour during his visit to Boston in order to give lectures on aestheticism, suggesting that Wilde's conduct was more of a bid for notoriety rather than a devotion to beauty and the aesthetic. Wilde's mode of dress also came under attack by critics such as Higginson, who wrote in his paper Unmanly Manhood, of his general concern that Wilde's effeminacy would influence the behaviour of men and women, arguing that his poetry "eclipses masculine ideals [..that..] under such influence men would become effeminate dandies". He also scrutinised the links between Oscar Wilde's writing, personal image and homosexuality, calling his work and lifestyle 'Immoral'.

Wilde was deeply impressed by the English writers John Ruskin and Walter Pater, who argued for the central importance of art in life, an argument laced with a strongly philhellenic and homoerotic subtext^[who?]. Wilde later commented ironically on Pater's suppressed emotions: on being informed of the man's death, he replied, "Was he ever alive?" Reflecting on Pater's view of art, he wrote, in The Picture of Dorian Gray, "All art is quite useless". The statement was meant to be read literally, as it was in keeping with the doctrine of Art for art's sake, coined by the philosopher Victor Cousin, promoted by Theophile Gautier and brought into prominence by James McNeill Whistler. In 1879 Wilde started to teach Aesthetic values in London.

The aesthetic movement, represented by the school of William Morris and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, had a permanent influence on English decorative art. As the leading aesthete in Britain, Wilde became one of the most prominent personalities of his day. Though he was sometimes ridiculed for them, his paradoxes and witty sayings were quoted on all sides.

Aestheticism in general was caricatured in Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta Patience (1881). While Patience was a success in New York it was not known how much the aesthetic movement had penetrated the rest of America. So Richard D'Oyly Carte invited Wilde for a lecture tour of North America. D'Oyly Carte felt this tour would "prime the pump" for the tour of Patience, making sure that the ticket-buying public was aware of one of the movement's charming personalities. This was duly arranged, Wilde arriving on 3 January 1882, aboard the SS Arizona. Wilde is reputed to have told a customs officer "I have nothing to declare except my genius", although there is no contemporary evidence for the remark.

During his tour of the United States and Canada, Wilde was torn apart by no small number of critics—The Wasp, a San Francisco newspaper, published a cartoon ridiculing Wilde and Aestheticism—but he was also surprisingly well received in such rough-and-tumble settings as the mining town of Leadville, Colorado. [1]

On his return to the United Kingdom, he worked as a reviewer for the Pall Mall Gazette in the years 1887-1889. Afterwards he became the editor of Woman's World

Politics

Wilde, for much of his life, advocated socialism, which he argued "will be of value simply because it will lead to individualism."^[3] He also had a strong libertarian streak as shown in his poem "Sonnet to Liberty" and, subsequently to reading the works of Peter Kropotkin—whom he described as "a man with a soul of that beautiful white Christ which seems coming out of Russia"^[4]—he declared himself an anarchist.^[5] Other political influences on Wilde may have been William Morris and John Ruskin.^[6] Wilde was also a pacifist and quipped that "When liberty comes with hands dabbled in blood it is hard to shake hands with her". In addition to his primary political text, the essay "The Soul of Man under Socialism", Wilde wrote several letters to the Daily Chronicle advocating prison reform and was the sole signatory of George Bernard Shaw's petition for a pardon of the anarchists arrested (and later executed) after the Haymarket affair.^[7]

In Lady Florence Dixie's novel of 1890, Gloriana, or the Revolution of 1900, women win the right to vote, as the result of the protagonist, Gloriana, posing as a man, Hector l'Estrange, and being elected to the House of Commons. The character of l'Estrange is clearly based on that of Wilde. Dixie was an aunt of Lord Alfred Douglas.^[

Sexuality

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Though Wilde's sexual orientation has variously been considered bisexual, homosexual, and paederastic, Wilde himself felt he belonged to a culture of male love inspired by the Greek paederastic tradition.^[9] In describing his own sexual identity, Wilde used the term Socratic.^[10] He may have^{[citation needed]} had significant sexual relationships with (in chronological order) Frank Miles, Constance Lloyd (his wife), Robert Baldwin Ross, and Lord Alfred Douglas ("Bosie"). Wilde also had numerous sexual encounters with working-class male youths, who were often rent boys.

Biographers generally believe Wilde was made fully aware of his own and others' homosexuality in 1885 (the year after his wedding) by the 17-year-old Robert Baldwin Ross. Neil McKenna's biography The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde (2003) theorises that Wilde was aware of his homosexuality much earlier, from the moment of his first kiss with another boy at the age of 16. According to McKenna, after arriving at Oxford in 1874, Wilde tentatively explored his sexuality, discovering that he could feel passionate romantic love for "fair, slim" choirboys, but was more sexually drawn towards the swarthy young rough trade. By the late 1870s, Wilde was already preoccupied with the philosophy of same-sex love, and had befriended a group of Uranian (pederastic) poets and homosexual law reformers, becoming acquainted with the work of gay-rights pioneer Karl-Heinrich Ulrichs. Wilde also met Walt Whitman in America in 1882, writing to a friend that there was "no doubt" about the great American poet's sexual orientation — "I have the kiss of Walt Whitman still on my lips," he boasted. He even lived with the society painter Frank Miles, who was a few years his senior and may have been his lover. However, writes McKenna, he was at one time unhappy with the direction of his sexual and romantic desires, and, hoping that marriage would 'cure' him, he married Constance Lloyd in 1884. McKenna's account has been criticised by some reviewers who find it too speculative, although not necessarily implausible.^[11]

Regardless of whether or not Wilde was still naïve when he first met Ross, Ross did play an important role in the development of Wilde's understanding of his own sexuality. Ross was aware of Wilde's poems before they met, and indeed had been beaten for reading them. He was also unmoved by the Victorian prohibition against homosexuality. By Richard Ellmann's account, Ross, "...so young and yet so knowing, was determined to seduce Wilde." Later, Ross boasted to Lord Alfred Douglas that he was "the first boy Oscar ever had" and there seems to have been much jealousy between them. Soon, Wilde entered a world of regular sex with youths such as servants and newsboys, in their mid to late teens, whom he would meet in homosexual bars or brothels. In Wilde's words, the relations were akin to "feasting with panthers", and he revelled in the risk: "the danger was half the excitement." In his public writings, Wilde's first celebration of romantic love between men and boys can be found in The Portrait of Mr. W. H. (1889), in which he propounds a theory that Shakespeare's sonnets were written out of the poet's love of Elizabethan boy actor "Willie Hughes".

In the early summer of 1891 he was introduced by the poet Lionel Johnson to the twenty-two-year-old Lord Alfred Douglas, an undergraduate at Oxford at the time. An intimate friendship immediately sprang up between the two, but it was not initially sexual, nor did the sexuality progress far when it did eventually take place. According to Douglas, speaking in his old age, for the first six months their relations remained on a purely intellectual and emotional level. Despite the fact that "from the second time he saw me, when he gave me a copy of Dorian Gray which I took with me to Oxford, he made overtures to me. It was not till I had known him for at least six months and after I had seen him over and over again and he had twice stayed with me in Oxford, that I gave in to him. I did with him and allowed him to do just what was done among boys at Winchester and Oxford . . . Sodomy never took place between us, nor was it attempted or dreamed of. Wilde treated me as an older one does a younger one at school." After Wilde realised that Douglas only consented in order to please him, as his instincts drew him not to men but to younger boys, Wilde permanently ceased his physical attentions.^[12]

For a few years they lived together more or less openly in a number of locations. Wilde and some within his upper-class social group also began to speak about homosexual law reform, and their commitment to "The Cause" was formalised by the founding of a highly secretive organisation called the Order of Chaeronea, of which Wilde was a member. A homosexual novel, Teleny or The Reverse of the Medal, written at about the same time and clandestinely published in 1893, has been attributed to Oscar Wilde, but was probably, in fact, a combined effort by a number of Wilde's friends, which Wilde edited. Wilde also periodically contributed to the Uranian literary journal The Chameleon.

Lord Alfred's first mentor had been his cosmopolitan grandfather Alfred Montgomery. His older brother Francis Douglas, Viscount Drumlanrig possibly had an intimate association with the Prime Minister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, which ended on Francis' death in an unexplained shooting accident. Lord Alfred's father John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry came to believe his sons had been corrupted by older homosexuals, or as he phrased it in a letter, "Snob Queers like Rosebery".^[13] As he had attempted to do with Rosebery, Queensberry confronted Wilde and Lord Alfred on several occasions, but each time Wilde was able to mollify him.

Divorced and spending wildly, Queensberry was known for his outspoken views and the boxing roughs who often accompanied him. He abhorred his younger son and plagued the boy with threats to cut him off if he did not stop idling his life away. Queensberry was determined to end the friendship with Wilde. Wilde was in full flow of rehearsal when Bosie returned from a diplomatic posting to Cairo, around the time Queensberry visited Wilde at his Tite Street home. He angrily pushed past Wilde's servant and entered the ground floor study, shouting obscenities and asking Wilde about his divorce. Wilde became incensed, but it is said he calmly told his manservant that Queensberry was the most infamous brute in London, and that he was not to be shown into the house ever again. It is said that, despite the presence of a bodyguard, Wilde forced Queensberry to leave in no uncertain terms.

On the opening night of The Importance of Being Earnest Queensberry further planned to insult and socially embarrass Wilde by throwing a bouquet of turnips. Wilde was tipped off, and Queensberry was barred from entering the theatre. Wilde took legal advice against him, and wished to prosecute, but his friends refused to give evidence against the Marquess and hence the case was dropped. Wilde and Bosie left London for a holiday in Monte Carlo. While they were there, on February 18, 1895, the Marquess left his calling card at Wilde's Club, with an inscription accusing Wilde of posing as a "somdomite [sic]".^[14]

[edit] Trial, imprisonment, and transfer to Reading Gaol

Wilde made a complaint of criminal libel against Lord Alfred Douglas's father based on the calling card incident, and the Marquess was arrested but later freed on bail. The libel trial became a cause célèbre as salacious details of Wilde's private life with Alfred Taylor and Lord Alfred Douglas began to appear in the press. A team of detectives, with the help of the actor Charles Brookfield, had directed Queensberry's lawyers (led by Edward Carson QC) to the world of the Victorian underground. Here Wilde's association with blackmailers and male prostitutes, crossdressers and homosexual brothels was recorded, and various persons involved were interviewed, some being coerced to appear as witnesses.^[15]

The trial opened on April 3, 1895 amongst scenes of near hysteria both in the press and the public galleries. After a shaky start, Wilde regained some ground when defending his art from attacks of perversion. The Picture of Dorian Gray came under fierce moral criticism, but Wilde fended it off with his usual charm and confidence on artistic matters. Some of his personal letters to Lord Alfred were examined, their wording challenged as inappropriate and evidence of immoral relations. Queensberry's legal team proposed that the libel was published for the public good, but it was only when the prosecution moved on to sexual matters that Wilde baulked. He was challenged on the reason given for not kissing a young servant; Wilde had replied, "He was a particularly plain boy - unfortunately ugly - I pitied him for it."^[16] Counsel for the defence, scenting blood, pressed him on the point. Wilde hesitated, complaining of Carson's insults and attempts to unnerve him. The prosecution eventually dropped the case, after the defence threatened to bring boy prostitutes to the stand to testify to Wilde's corruption and influence over Queensberry's son, effectively crippling the case. After Wilde left the court, a warrant for his arrest was applied for and (after a delay that would have permitted Wilde, had he possessed the presence of mind to take advantage, to escape to the continent) later served on him at the Cadogan Hotel, Knightsbridge. That moment was immortalised by Sir John Betjeman's poem. He was arrested for "gross indecency" under Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 In British legislation of the time, this term implied 'homosexual acts not amounting to buggery'.^[17] After his arrest Wilde sent Robert Ross to his home in Tite Street with orders to remove certain items and Ross broke into the bedroom to rescue some of Wilde's belongings. Wilde was then imprisoned on remand at Holloway where he received daily visits from Lord Alfred Douglas.

Events moved quickly and his prosecution opened on April 26, 1895. Wilde had already begged Douglas to leave London for Paris, but Douglas complained bitterly, even wanting to take the stand; however, he was pressed to go and soon fled to the Hotel du Monde. Ross and many others also left the United Kingdom during this time. Under cross examination Wilde presented an eloquent defence of same-sex love:

Charles Gill (pros.): What is "the love that dares not speak its name?"

Wilde: "The love that dares not speak its name" in this century is such a great affection of an elder for a younger man as there was between David and Jonathan, such as Plato made the very basis of his philosophy, and such as you find in the sonnets of Michelangelo and Shakespeare. It is that deep spiritual affection that is as pure as it is perfect. It dictates and pervades great works of art, like those of Shakespeare and Michelangelo, and those two letters of mine, such as they are. It is in this century misunderstood, so much misunderstood that it may be described as "the love that dares not speak its name," and on that account of it I am placed where I am now. It is beautiful, it is fine, it is the noblest form of affection. There is nothing unnatural about it. It is intellectual, and it repeatedly exists between an older and a younger man, when the older man has intellect, and the younger man has all the joy, hope and glamour of life before him. That it should be so, the world does not understand. The world mocks at it, and sometimes puts one in the pillory for it."

The trial ended with the jury unable to reach a verdict and Wilde's counsel, Sir Edward Clark, was finally able to agree bail. Wilde was freed from Holloway and went into hiding at the house of Ernest and Ada Leverson, two of Wilde's firm friends. The Reverend Stuart Hedlam put up most of the £5,000 bail,^[18] having disagreed with Wilde's heinous treatment by the press and the courts. Edward Carson, it was said, asked for the service to let up on Wilde.^[19] His request was denied. If the Crown was seen to give up at that point, it would have appeared that there was one rule for some and not others, and outrage could have followed.

The final trial was presided over by Justice Sir Alfred Wills. On May 25, 1895 Wilde was convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to two years' hard labour. His conviction angered some observers, one of whom demanded, in a published letter, "Why does not the Crown prosecute every boy at a public or private school or half the men in the universities?" in reference to the presumed pederastic proclivities of British upper class men.^[20]

Wilde was imprisoned first in Pentonville and then in Wandsworth prison in London, and finally transferred in November to Reading Prison, some 30 miles west of London. Wilde knew the town of Reading from happier times when boating on the Thames and also from visits to the Palmer family, including a tour of the famous Huntley & Palmers biscuit factory which is quite close to the prison.

Now known as prisoner C. 3.3, (which described the fact that he was in block C, floor three, cell three) he was not, at first, even allowed paper and pen, but a later governor was more amenable. Wilde was championed by the reformer Lord Haldane who had helped transfer him and afforded him the literary catharsis he needed. During his time in prison, Wilde wrote a 50,000 word letter to Douglas, which he was not allowed to send while still a prisoner, but which he was allowed to take with him at the end of his sentence. On his release, he gave the manuscript to Ross, who may or may not have carried out Wilde's instructions to send a copy to Douglas (who later denied having received it). Ross published a much expurgated version of the letter (about a third of it) in 1905 (four years after Wilde's death) with the title De Profundis, expanding it slightly for an edition of Wilde's collected works in 1908, and then donated it to the British Museum on the understanding that it would not be made public until 1960. In 1949, Wilde's son Vyvyan Holland published it again, including parts formerly omitted, but relying on a faulty typescript bequeathed to him by Ross. Its complete and correct publication occurred in 1962, in The Letters of Oscar Wilde.

[edit] Release and death

Prison was unkind to Wilde's health and after he was released on May 19, 1897, he spent his last three years penniless, in self-imposed exile from society and artistic circles. He went under the assumed name of Sebastian Melmoth, after the famously "penetrated" Saint Sebastian and the devilish central character of Wilde's great-uncle Charles Robert Maturin's gothic novel Melmoth the Wanderer.

Nevertheless, Wilde lost no time in returning to his previous pleasures. According to Douglas, Ross "dragged [him] back to homosexual practices" during the summer of 1897, which they spent together in Berneval. After his release, he also wrote the famous poem The Ballad of Reading Gaol. Wilde spent his last years in the Hôtel d'Alsace, now known as L'Hôtel, in Paris, where it is said he was notorious and uninhibited about enjoying the pleasures he had been denied in Britain. Again, according to Douglas, "he was hand in glove with all the little boys on the Boulevard. He never attempted to conceal it." In a letter to Ross, Wilde laments, "Today I bade good-bye, with tears and one kiss, to the beautiful Greek boy. . . he is the nicest boy you ever introduced to me."^[21] Just a month before his death he is quoted as saying, "My wallpaper and I are fighting a duel to the death. One or other of us has got to go." His moods fluctuated; Max Beerbohm relates how, a few days before Wilde's death, their mutual friend Reginald 'Reggie' Turner had found Wilde very depressed after a nightmare. "I dreamt that I had died, and was supping with the dead!" "I am sure," Turner replied, "that you must have been the life and soul of the party."^[22] Reggie Turner was one of the very few of the old circle who remained with Wilde right to the end, and was at his bedside when he died.

Wilde died of cerebral meningitis on November 30, 1900. Different opinions are given as to the cause of the meningitis; Richard Ellmann claimed it was syphilitic; Merlin Holland, Wilde's grandson, thought this to be a misconception, noting that Wilde's meningitis followed a surgical intervention, perhaps a mastoidectomy; Wilde's physicians, Dr. Paul Cleiss and A'Court Tucker, reported that the condition stemmed from an old suppuration of the right ear (une ancienne suppuration de l'oreille droite d'ailleurs en traitement depuis plusieurs années) and did not allude to syphilis. Most modern scholars and doctors agree that syphilis was unlikely to have been the cause of his death.

On his deathbed Wilde was received into the Roman Catholic church and Robert Ross, in his letter to More Adey (dated 14 December 1900), states "He was conscious that people were in the room, and raised his hand when I asked him whether he understood. He pressed our hands. I then sent in search of a priest, and after great difficulty found Father Cuthbert Dunne. . . who came with me at once and administered Baptism and Extreme Unction. - Oscar could not take the Eucharist".^[23] Wilde was buried in the Cimetière de Bagneux outside Paris but was later moved to Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. His tomb in Père Lachaise was designed by sculptor Sir Jacob Epstein, at the request of Robert Ross, who also asked for a small compartment to be made for his own ashes. Ross's ashes were transferred to the tomb in 1950. The numerous spots on the tombstone are lipstick traces from admirers.

The modernist angel depicted as a relief on the tomb was originally complete with male genitals which were broken off and kept as a paperweight by a succession of Père Lachaise Cemetery keepers; their current whereabouts are unknown. In the summer of 2000, intermedia artist Leon Johnson performed a forty minute ceremony entitled Re-membering Wilde in which a commissioned silver prosthesis was installed to replace the vandalised genitals.^[24

I hear the music
The music is playing
The music is soft
The music is now fading
The music is gone
Which means so is my life
No music means no life
The music is gone
Come back to me music
The Music is begining
I have a life
The music is pretty
The Music is wonderful
Oh no
The music is fading again
I love the music
The music is gone
Good bye music

Kathryn Thompson

You may write me down in history
With your bitter, twisted lies,
You may trod me in the very dirt
But still, like dust, I'll rise.

Does my sassiness upset you?
Why are you beset with gloom?
'Cause I walk like I've got oil wells
Pumping in my living room.

Just like moons and like suns,
With the certainty of tides,
Just like hopes springing high,
Still I'll rise.

Did you want to see me broken?
Bowed head and lowered eyes?
Shoulders falling down like teardrops.
Weakened by my soulful cries.

Does my haughtiness offend you?
Don't you take it awful hard
'Cause I laugh like I've got gold mines
Diggin' in my own back yard.

You may shoot me with your words,
You may cut me with your eyes,
You may kill me with your hatefulness,
But still, like air, I'll rise.

Does my sexiness upset you?
Does it come as a surprise
That I dance like I've got diamonds
At the meeting of my thighs?

Out of the huts of history's shame
I rise
Up from a past that's rooted in pain
I rise
I'm a black ocean, leaping and wide,
Welling and swelling I bear in the tide.
Leaving behind nights of terror and fear
I rise
Into a daybreak that's wondrously clear
I rise
Bringing the gifts that my ancestors gave,
I am the dream and the hope of the slave.
I rise
I rise
I rise.

Maya Angelou

Pretty women wonder where my secret lies.
I'm not cute or built to suit a fashion model's size
But when I start to tell them,
They think I'm telling lies.
I say,
It's in the reach of my arms
The span of my hips,
The stride of my step,
The curl of my lips.
I'm a woman
Phenomenally.
Phenomenal woman,
That's me.

I walk into a room
Just as cool as you please,
And to a man,
The fellows stand or
Fall down on their knees.
Then they swarm around me,
A hive of honey bees.
I say,
It's the fire in my eyes,
And the flash of my teeth,
The swing in my waist,
And the joy in my feet.
I'm a woman
Phenomenally.
Phenomenal woman,
That's me.

Men themselves have wondered
What they see in me.
They try so much
But they can't touch
My inner mystery.
When I try to show them
They say they still can't see.
I say,
It's in the arch of my back,
The sun of my smile,
The ride of my breasts,
The grace of my style.
I'm a woman

Phenomenally.
Phenomenal woman,
That's me.

Now you understand
Just why my head's not bowed.
I don't shout or jump about
Or have to talk real loud.
When you see me passing
It ought to make you proud.
I say,
It's in the click of my heels,
The bend of my hair,
the palm of my hand,
The need of my care,
'Cause I'm a woman
Phenomenally.
Phenomenal woman,
That's me.

Maya Angelou

Ne zaman ayrilik saati gelse En vazgecilmez yerinde yasamin Duysak ayak seslerini aksamin Ve sokaklardan el ayak cekilse Bir urpertiyle duyarim o zaman Seni cagiran sesi uzaklardan Ne zaman ayrilik saati gelse Bir gariplik coker icime birden Kalan tek ani gibi bir devirden Durmadan calinir o gamli beste Sanki bilir de hazin oykumuzu Bulutlar aglar, kararir gokyuzu Ne zaman ayrilik saati gelse Bir caresizligi anlatir gibi Birden degisir gozlerinin rengi Mavi solar, koyulasir yesilse Sarinca ruhunu eski bir huzun Ucar gider pembeligi yuzunun Ne zaman ayrilik saati gelse Uzatsan ozlemle dudaklarini Tum agaclar doker yapraklarini Ne cicek kalir ortada, ne bahce Sadece ugultusu o ruzgarin Ve bir umut kirintisi: belki yarin Ne zaman ayrilik saati gelse Bir firtina cikmiscasina, buyuk Icimizdeki gullerin boynu bukuk Bir zaman kalakalirim oylece Neden sonra gittigini anlarim Icimde guller aglar, ben aglarim. UMIT YASAR

The William Shakespeare Biography provides information regarding Shakespeare's ancestry, his parents (John Shakespeare and Mary Arden), his childhood, his education, his family, parents, brothers and sisters, his marriage to wife Anne Hathaway, his children and Grandchildren, Sir William Davenant ( possible illegitimate son of William Shakespeare ) his associates and his career and life in Elizabethan England.

• Ancestors of the playwright - History and facts about the family tree of William Shakespeare of Stratford, Warwickshire

• Mother and Father of William Shakespeare - Biography of Mary Arden and John Shakespeare and their lives in Elizabethan Stratford

• Brothers and Sisters of William Shakespeare - Lives and Biography of William Shakespeare siblings: Joan, Margaret, Gilbert, Anne, Richard and Edmund

• Wife of William Shakespeare - Anne Hathaway - courtship, wedding, marriage and legal documents

• Biography of Anne Hathaway - Wife of William Shakespeare - her biography including family, life in Stratford, marriage, children and grandchildren

• Children and Grandchildren of William Shakespeare - Biography of Judith, Hamnet Susanna - Shakespeare, Richard and Thomas

• Biography - Sir William Davenant, actor - Godfather  was William Shakespeare - Also rumoured to be the Bard's illegitimate son

The Biography William Shakespeare - Early Life in Stratford
Details of Shakespeare's childhood, education, his marriage and life in Elizabethan Stratford, England together with pictures are included in the following sections in the William Shakespeare Biography category:

• William Shakespeare Full and Short Biography - Life History and Biography of the Great Bard of Stratford - Elizabethan Playwright and Actor

• Childhood of William Shakespeare - Early years of the great Bard's life in Elizabethan Stratford

• Education of William Shakespeare - Biography includes the Petty school and King Edward iv Grammar School - The Tudor alphabet

• Life in Elizabethan Stratford - William Shakespeare Biography includes Entertainment, Acting troupes, & family ties

• William Shakespeare Biography - The Lost Years from leaving school to marrying Anne Hathaway

• William Shakespeare Biography - The Lost Years 1585 - 1592 between William Shakespeare marriage to Anne Hathaway and the London Theatre

The Facts - the Documented Facts about William Shakespeare
Confusion regarding Shakespeare's name is explained. The facts detailed about William Shakespeare are taken from  written evidence available from the Elizabethan era. The written evidence includes details of all of the known facts taken from official records and there is also a section relating to William Shakespeare's last will and testament. The known facts about William Shakespeare, the Great Stratford Bard, have all been included in his biography and the William Shakespeare Timeline. The main source of the William Shakespeare facts are official documents that are still available for inspection. These documents include all of the facts available relating to legal documents. Other facts have been gleaned from another legal document, Last Will and Testament of William Shakespeare. Church records, including those at Stratford, detail major facts and occurrences such as baptism, marriage and death associated with William Shakespeare. A final definitive resource for known facts about William Shakespeare can be found in the numerous William Shakespeare Timeline categories that have been collated. William Shakespeare quotes and facts ascertained from his fellow actors and playwrights from the Elizabethan era. 

• Facts - Interesting Facts about the Life and Times of  William Shakespeare the Stratford Actor and Playwright

• The Last Will and Testament of William Shakespeare - Second best bed to his wife and gifts to fellow actors

More Facts ! - William Shakespeare Timelines
The comprehensive William Shakespeare Timelines allows a correlation between William Shakespeare and his biography and the important historical events & people who shared his World. The timelines cover his mother and father, his wife (Anne Hathaway), his children (Judith, Susanna and Hamnet) his grandchildren (from Judith's marriage to Richard Quiney) and the major people and events of the Elizabethan era.

• Family Timeline - Time lines for all  family of William Shakespeare - timelines for ancestors, parents, siblings and children

• Elizabethan Timeline 1531 to 1592 - William Shakespeare Time line with key dates and events of the era 

• Elizabethan  / Stuart Timeline 1593 to 1646 - William Shakespeare Time line with key dates and events of the era

Pictures / Images of the William Shakespeare 
An excellent selection of good quality pictures have been included hoping to answer questions as to the  appearance of William Shakespeare. As the great Stratford playwright did not come from a noble background no portraits or pictures of William Shakespeare, or pictures of any members of his family, were commissioned. Neither is there any evidence that William Shakesreare commissioned his own portrait or pictures in his later, prosperous years. There is no evidence that a portrait or pictures were ever painted of William Shakespeare whilst he was still alive, nor is there any written description of his physical appearance. The pictures included are the William Shakespeare Chandos picture, the Stratford portrait and the Sanders picture. Other Shakespeare likenesses include the best known engravings such as the Martin Droeshout engraving from the First Folio and the William Marshall engraving used on the 1640 authorised edition of William Shakespeare's poems. Pictures of his likeness can also be obtained from the various statues and memorials - the best known being the William Shakespeare Stratford bust and the Poets Corner memorial in London's Westminster Abbey.
The following Pictures section will enable comparisons to be made of all of the likenesses of William Shakespeare:

• Pictures of William Shakespeare - Painting - Engravings and Stratford, Sanders Portraits and Chandos Portrait / Picture

• Memorials / Statues of William Shakespeare - Pictures from Poets Corner Westminster Abbey, Gower, Roubilliac bust, Stratford

37 Plays by William Shakespeare - the complete works!
There is a section dedicated to each of the 37 plays by William Shakespeare which feature:

• An 18th century picture from each of the William Shakespeare plays

• Background and History from each play

• Plot Summary of each play

• First Performance and Publication dates and details of each of the  William Shakespeare plays

• Most Famous Quotes from each of the William Shakespeare plays

• Characters in each of William Shakespeare plays

• Full Text and script of each of the plays by William Shakespeare, the great Stratford Bard

The top six most popular plays by William Shakespeare
To compliment the section on the plays we have provided a Dictionary which explains the forgotten words of olde English which are featured in the great plays. The top six most popular plays by William Shakespeare are:

• Hamlet - most famous of the William Shakespeare plays

• Othello - second most famous of the William Shakespeare plays

• Macbeth - third most famous of the William Shakespeare plays

• Romeo and Juliet - fourth most famous of the William Shakespeare plays

• The Tempest - fifth most famous of the William Shakespeare plays

• Julius Caesar - sixth most famous of the William Shakespeare plays

The William Shakespeare Plays Section
The Plays section includes details of all the William Shakespeare plays as follows:

• Full Text and script, characters, plot summary, quotes of each of William Shakespeare 37 plays

• Chronology of Plays by William Shakespeare - First performance and publications

• List of all Published Editions of the works of William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare - First Folio
The First Folio contained approximately 900 pages containing 36 plays attributed to William Shakespeare after his death. The fellow actors of William Shakespeare, John Hemminge and Henry Condell, were the editors of the collection. The William Shakespeare plays were categorised as Comedies, Histories and Tragedies. The content of the First Folio was registered on 8th November 1623. Unauthorised and inferior text copies of William Shakespeare plays are called Quarto Texts.

• First Folio - Description of William Shakespeare Quarto Texts and first published plays as Comedies, Histories and Tragedies

Quotes about William Shakespeare and his life works
If you have not got time to study each one of William Shakespeare's plays in detail, we hope that you might read the Plot Summary and Quotes from each of them - the fast way to become familiar with the plots and characters in the great works of William Shakespeare. This facility would, no doubt, have been appreciated by the cynical Oscar Wilde  who said:

"Now we sit through Shakespeare in order to recognize the quotations!" 
- One of the William Shakespeare Quotes by Oscar Wilde (1854 - 1900) 

The most celebrated authors, actors, politicians and scholars have all read the works of William Shakespeare and their quotes on the man and quotes about William Shakespeare's works are interesting. Views of such celebrities and their quotes are  detailed in the quotes section entitled ' Quotes about '.

• Quotes and Quotations about William Shakespeare by Ben Jonson, Oscar Wilde, Keats, Milton, Wordsworth and Coleridge

Famous Quotes by William Shakespeare
We unknowingly use countless quotes by the great playwright in our everyday language. The section entitled William Shakespeare Quotes will provide many surprises! There are quotes from all of the most celebrated plays. Quotes from Hamlet, quotes from Othello, quotes from Macbeth, quotes from Romeo and Juliet, quotes from the Tempest and quotes from Julius Caesar. You will be surprised at the number of William Shakespeare quotes that you use in everyday conversation.

• Famous Quotes and Quotations from the plays of William Shakespeare - Julius Caesar - Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet and Sonnets about Love

Sonnets and Poems by William Shakespeare
The section on the Bard's Sonnets is easy to navigate either by the number of the sonnet, or by the first line. The most famous sonnets by William Shakespeare are:

• William Shakespeare Sonnet 029 - When in disgrace with fortune

• William Shakespeare Sonnet 116  - Let me not to the marriage of true minds

• William Shakespeare Sonnet 126  - O thou my lovely boy

• William Shakespeare Sonnet 130  - My Mistress' eyes

• William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 - Shall I compare thee to a Summer's day?

The sections entitled "Sonnets" and "Poems" details the following information:

• Full texts of the 154 love sonnets accredited to William Shakespeare

• Texts of the poems of William Shakespeare - Venus and Adonis, Rape of Lucrece, Lover's Complaint and Phoenix and the Turtle

William Shakespeare and the Globe Theater ( Old Globe and New Globe Theatre )
A full description of the old Globe Theatre detailing the structure and layout together with a comparison to the new London Globe Theatre has been included where the Bard's plays are still performed. The Globe section will provide access to comprehensive information and facts on the following:

• Old Globe Theater - History  - construction and audience of the famous London Playhouse Theatre

• Old Globe Theater - Pictures from engravings theatre by Van Vissher, Norden and Holler London Maps

• Old Globe Theater Structure - Construction, design theatre, stage, gallery, audience capacity and heavens

• Old Globe Theater Timeline - Time line of original theatre built 1599 and re - built 1614 - key dates

• New Globe Theater modelled on the original - Pictures, stage, replica, model theatre

• New Globe Theater - Structure, layout, design, dimensions and construction based on the original theatre, London

• New Globe Theater Timeline - Time line of the replica Globe theatre of  William Shakespeare and Bear Garden Museum, Bankside Southwark

• Visiting the New Globe Theater - London theatre vacation guide with Elizabethan, Shakespearean map and Modern map of the Bankside and theater areas of London

William Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Theater
Information about Elizabethan inn-yards, playhouses, and theaters together with their locations (check out the London Map for more details). Contemporary playwrights and Elizabethan plays and actors have not been forgotten! Concise description of all the old London Theatres are available from the Elizabethan Theater link.

• Elizabethan Theatre - Descriptions of all London Theaters including Swan, Rose, Bear Garden, Cockpit, Hope, Curtain Theaters

• Elizabethan Theatres - Theaters, Amphitheatres, playhouses and Inn-yards in London with names, pictures and descriptions

• Elizabethan Theatre Facts - Structure and design

• Elizabethan Theatre Locations - Map of William Shakespeare's Elizabethan London with theater names, locations of individual theaters on a Theater Map

• Elizabethan Playwrights and Authors - Plays and Books by Christopher Marlowe, Beaumont, Fletcher, Middleton, Kyd and of course William Shakespeare himself!

• Elizabethan Acting Troupes who visited Stratford - Lord Strange's, Leicester's, Essex's, Berkeley's and Worcester's men

Questions about William Shakespeare Answered?
Conspiracies & Spies, Secret Societies & Lies! Is this the biggest cover-up of the last 500 years? Answers to the vast majority of questions can be found in the biography and other sections of this site. However, the mystery surrounding the Shakespeare Identity Problem and conspiracy theory we leave to you! We have provided some clues to help solve some of the issues and set a challenge which we believe will be extremely intriguing! Once you enter the web of intrigue you will explore all of the famous events and people who lived during the Elizabethan era. To help further in understanding the William Shakespeare Identity problem we have detailed names of the main contenders. Warning! The Quest to solve the Identity Problem surrounding William Shakespeare is not for the feint hearted! What we can guarantee is that you will become completely fascinated by the whole subject. We have even developed a theory in relation to the engraved picture of William Shakespeare by Martin Droeshout on the First Folio. Many questions have been raised about what the playwright actually looked like. We have comprehensive examples of all the famous pictures, portraits, statues and memorials of William Shakespeare! 

The William Shakespeare Identity Mystery
Can you solve the mystery surrounding the life, works (plays and sonnets) and time of William Shakespeare? The William Shakespeare Forum has been provided as a vehicle to air your points of view about his works, his plays, poems, pictures, theaters, the Globe and William Shakespeare sonnets. Share the opinions of other visitors. 

• Mystery of the William Shakespeare Engraving on the First Folio - Martin Droeshout engraved portrait - William Shakespeare Identity Problem

• Mystery of the Marshall Engraving of William Shakespeare on the 1640 edition of Sonnets - Engraved portrait of - William Shakespeare Identity Problem

• The Identity and Authorship problem surrounding William Shakespeare - the Clues, the contemporaries and Contenders

• Authorship /  Identity problem - new theory re picture of collar and doublet - conspiracy of Who Wrote William Shakespeare

Quotes - Plays - Sonnets - Pictures - Timeline- Facts - Biography - Poems - Bubonic Plague - Globe
Biography - Dictionary - Elizabethan Theater - Identity Problem - Biography - Black Death - Stratford 

The World of William Shakespeare and details of his biography have fascinated people for centuries. The questions and mysteries which surround William Shakespeare the Great Stratford playwright and his biography, life, times and works (including his plays, sonnets and poems) are legion:

• How many plays did William Shakespeare write? Check out Play Chronology

• Was he influenced by other Elizabethan Poets and Authors? See the William Shakespeare Biography section

• How many sonnets did William Shakespeare write? See the Sonnets section

• When were Shakespeare's plays performed and published? In which theater ? See the William Shakespeare Plays section

• What was life like for William Shakespeare during the Elizabethan era?

• What are the known facts about William Shakespeare the great Stratford Bard? See the William Shakespeare Biography section

• What of William Shakespeare the actor, and what is known about his fellow actors and their theater ? See the William Shakespeare Biography section

• What facts are known about the Elizabethan Stratford Playwright and his family? See Biography section

• What exactly was the 'First Folio'? Is Shakespeare's picture an accurate portrait? See William Shakespeare Pictures and Biography

• Why is there so much controversy about the biography of the playwright? See Biography section

• What is the so-called William Shakespeare Identity Problem about? What facts are available?

• Which plays did William Shakespeare the actor perform in?

• Which sonnet and play quotes attributed to William Shakespeare are most memorable?

• What pictures of Shakespeare are available ? - See the William Shakespeare Picture section

Dagbasinda bir avci kulubesi
Yerler dizboyu kar
Ocakta ates
Disarda ruzgar
Hadi gel
Once sevismeliyiz uzun uzun
Yerdeki ayi postunun uzerine uzanmaliyiz
Butun vucudunu santimetre karelere ayirip
Birer birer opmeliyim
Ve sonra simsiki sarilmaliyim sana
Boylece olmeliyiz
Aradan yillar gecip
Bizi bulduklari zaman
Etlerimiz curumus olsa da
Kemiklerimiz ayrilmamali birbirinden
Hadi gel
Nefes almak huner degil
Seninle olmek istiyorum...

UMIT YASAR

Ben aglayan sairim
Bana gulmesini ogretmediler
Egil de bir bak mahzun yuzume
Anlatir sana cektiklerimi
Birer bicak yarasi gibi
Alnimdaki cizgiler

Ben mutluluk nedirbilemedim
Saclarim oksanmaya alisik degil
Hep boyle dalip gider gozlerim
Ve ne zaman dusunsem gecen gunleri
Bir karanlik basar icimi
Aydinlik degil

Seni nasil severim bilirsin
Nasil yanarim ozlemler icinde
Bastigin yerler cennet olur
Bilirim en serin ruzgarlar gelirsin
Yine de yanar tutusurum ben
Cehennemler icinde.

En mutlu sandigin yerde kederliyim
Ben seninle sensizligi dusunurum
Bir korku duser icime apansiz
Burkulur yuregim
Seni siirlerimde bin yil yasatir da
Ben bin defa olurum

Bir gun yoklugum bir golge gibi
Dusuverirse gozlerine
Unutma aglayan sairini
Unutma o gunde kapanip dizlerine
Kendi yokluguma kendim aglarim
Sen aglama e mi
Sen aglama e mi?

  UMIT YASAR

Ben acilar denizinde bogulmusum
isitmem vapur duduklerini , marti cigliklarini
Dalgalar hergun bir baska kiyiya atar beni
Duyarim yosunlarin benim icin agladiklarini

Oluyum coktan, bir baksana gozlerime
Gor, icindeki o kanli cam kiriklarini
Bu ne karanlik , bu ne zindan gece boyle
Butun gemiler sondurmus isiklarini

Ben acilar denizi olmusum, yaklasma
Sularim tuzlu, sularim zehir zemberek
Baksana; herkes icime dokmus artiklarini

Bu karanlik bitse artik, bir ay dogsa
Bir deli ruzgar ciksa; alip goturse
Yillarin icimde biraktiklarini...

    & nbsp;   &n bsp;   &nb sp;   &nbs p;     ;          U.Y. Oguzcan